ETHICS

EVMA

4 pillars of ethics syllabus
- they are mental constructs u serve as for the instrument for behavioural regulation

mental constructs cannot be directly observed and measured

held by individual but carried by society
Are they absolute or relative (deontological v teleological)

By Gandhi approach, they are absolute. means matters not just the end
most of us operate relatively then absolute terms
Truth is guiding factor but then there are times when we have to lie.
the idea of absolutism has certain inherent rigidity
relative approach has flexibility necessary to work in societal environment
e.g. - Krishna ask Yudhishthira to speak half-truth to get Dronacharya out of the way (Ashwathama)
e.g. - a dacoit asks a sage for a man that sage has provided shelter. Should the sage speak the truth?

Sage might speak the conditional truth (there is always a way out).

Are they static or dynamic

relatively permanent
source of our identity
character can’t be changed on daily basis
they are result of massive cost in terms of time, energy and money (by society)
individual experience guilt and tension as he departs from a v m and e

Are they subjective or objective

very few values are objective , most are subjective
individual differences in judgement, perception, experience
for e.g. - in japan - suicide is not considered unethical while in other countries it is

Are they culture specific or universal

evma are adhesive that bind the people together
since the things that binds people of one culture also bind people of another culture, there are certain values that are universal

eg - universal brotherhood, integrity, commitment

however there are certain unique values which are always culture specific

eg - familyism (submergence of individual identity in family identity) unique to India, dependency unique to India (western culture thrives on individualism), collectivism

Thus three properties

Contextual -

Pornography - legal in France, illegal in India

Abstract - don’t have concrete existence. Can't be sensed by 5 senses. Eg - secularism, love. Democracy, anger. Eg -

Anything which exists in thoughts or as an idea but does not have a physical or concrete existence

Subjective - which is based on opinions p

Anything which is mind dependent and subject specific

Beliefs - Fundamental units of our thought process

A belief is an internal feeling or idea that something is true, even though that belief may be unproven and irrational
A belief is a simplest form of mental representation and therefore one of the building blocks of the thought process
Not always true

Eg - No 7 is lucky

Two types

Core - formed through direct experience
Peripheral -

Values

Are the standards which helps us to evaluate something or make judgement about how desirable or undesirable that thing is to us. - moral philosophy
Types

Aesthetics
Political
Ethical

All values are beliefs but all beliefs are not values

Values are subset of beliefs

just differs in importance by different individual
Why a number of behaviour and not single behaviour admitted in a single value? Why not a limited set of behaviour?

an individual needs breathing space
his own freedom, perspective, experience and ideas of life
eg - certain ideologies can’t define what nationalism is. let our national mainstream be so full of current such that people are attracted to like by themselves as they’re to US

Ethics

Greek word - ethos - custom
Two context

Practice - determine what is right and wrong
Study - branch of philosophy which study human behaviours regarding what is right and wrong

Ethics as a branch of philosophy is also defined as the study of what we understand to be good and right behaviour and how people make those judgement

Ethical values are a subset of various values held by a person.

Concepts such as material success, individualism, courage, hard work, prudence , competition, patriotism and punctuality are all value standards but are probably not seen as ethical or moral standards of right and wrong
However standards such as honesty, truthfulness, and justice are used in making ethical judgement of rightness and wrongness of human behaviour
eg - a person who is not courageous/hardworking can't be said to be unethical

Norms

Principles of society

Values vs norms

Norms are the rule of behaviour in specific situation and nay deviance form notes invite punishment form other group members, value sin contrast happens to be more global and abstract and afters serves as the underline basis for the norms
eg - flying our national glad on a republic day is a norm

Morals

Latin - moralities - character
Morals refers to an individual's own standards regarding right and wrong

Essence of morality

Utilitarianism - action is morally good if it is useful and brings pleasure to the individual, morally evil if it is not.
Intuitionism claims that Human beings have a special sense faculty that enables them to perceive directly what is right and what is wrong. What brings pleasure to this moral faculty is good and what brings displeasure is evil.
Rationalism :Acts are good, according to Kant, if they can be universalized i.e we should act in the way everybody else in the same circumstances
Scholasticism: For humans, it is a rational nature that determines what is good and what is bad. is also argues that the decision on the morality of human action rests with the supreme being, on whom humans ultimately depend.

Morals vs Ethics

Individuals recognise and follow ethics because society says it is the right thing to do . Not following these standards may leads to peer or societal disapproval.
Morals are standard which define how things should work according to our conscience. Their source is internal. If we don't follow these standards, we many feel remorse, depression, dissonance, uncomfortable
morals affects ethics via tools such as leadership. ethics affects morality via tools such as family, religion,
In most cases there is congruence between ethics and morals as morality of an individual is developed within the environment of ethics prevailing in the society
India has more conflict between morals and ethics

Due to diversity , period of transition

Principles

Concrete value
Eg - justice vs article 14

Customs

Specific behavioural
Eg - devotion to good vs going to temple vs hanuman Pooja on Tuesday
Eg - empathy, alms, zakat

Essence of ethics -Core qualities, attribute, characteristics, properties of ethics

Nature and nurture - Ethics cannot be shaped and sustained in isolation. A person's environment interact with his or her genotype to influence the behavioural outcomes
A man is not only a product but also a producer of his culture

A person not only learns from the culture but may also lead to a change in ethical system of the society
Eg - Hitler, Gandhi, Obama,Modi. Mandela, Lee Kuan yew, Kalam, Malala

Ethics depends upon the context in which they are operating

They vary in their meaning and intensity according to time , place and person

Ethics operates at different levels- individual, organisation, socio cultural, national and international levels

Ethics at each level effect each other

Ethics are abstract and subjective in nature ie they are affected by individual emotions and perception

Eg - use of bad language while anger

Ethics are interrelated to each other

You can't be honest if you are not truthful
You cannot be objective if you are not tolerant
Eg - economic depression affecting climate change negotiations

Ethical behaviour also comes into play when human interacts with other things also like machines, animals, environment etc
Ethics originate from a sense of justice prevailing in a particular society

Just and unjust instead of right and wrong

Ethics are maintained and sustained by a sense of responsibility and not mere accountability to some external agency but also to something within
Ethical standards at many times transcend the narrow stipulation of law and conduct rules

Application/use/significance

Ethics is like electricity. Not apparent to naked eye but it's effect can be seen

Create the light which removes the darkness of corruption

a way to know individual.
can be used to provide a framework to judge a situation
Two context

if ethics Are there

At individual level

Harmony
Better decision making
Motivate people towards higher goals
Satisfy basic human needs
they are source of our identity
Guide our decision making. make it easier
influence our choices
direct our behaviour
enable us to work in environment easily
simplify our environment by making our behavioural choices parsimonious - help us in arranging things in priority

eg - taking care for parents is above working for personal satisfaction
eg - working for society above working for self for an administrator

At Organisational level

Work culture
Efficiency
Better coordination
more trust and credibility
Decision making
Accountability and transparency
Participation

At social level

Harmony
Securing the society
Enhances social capital

Mutual brotherhood, bond of care, love, trust among people
2nd arc definition - 9 report - a shared destiny - social capital refers to those institution, norms that shape the quality and quantity of interaction among peoples
Important in context of India because of the diverse nature of society

Progress of the society

Mental and spiritual

Stability
Integration
Eg - Japan vs Germany

Lack of ethics in politics in India

Not there

Political corruption

Eg Arab spring

HR violation
Corruption

Eg- horse trading
Eg - criminalisation of politics
Eg - hung parliament
Eg - obstructionist politics

Self-interest given primacy over public interest

Eg - nepotism

Social level

Chaos, conflict
Casteism
Regionalism
Racism
Slow economic progress
Intolerance
Apathy

International level

Distrust between country
Frequent conflict and war
Eg - chilcot report

Just war theory

Eg – Israel-Palestine conflict
Eg - Yemen crisis
Ceasefire violation
State sponsored terrorism
Slow economic progress
Poor consensus on global problems
Nuclear proliferation
Arms race

Organisational level

Poor work culture
Corruption
Nepotism. Favouritism
Inequalities
Hierarchy
Wastage of resources
Poor decision making
Decrease in three Es

Efficiency, economy, effectiveness

Lack of trust

Individual level

More unrest
Depression
Anxiety
Petty crimes - eve teasing
Drug addiction - alcoholism
Domestic violence against women, children
Begging
Divorce rates
Juvenile crimes
Violation of law
People using abusive language
Filth everywhere
Social exclusion
Increase in hedonistic tendency

Ethics doesn’t provide us with right or wrong answer but with choices and opinions

Determinants of ethics- - determinations of ethics is a complicated task as a criteria of judging what is right or wrong neither absolute nor universal but variable depending on Three factors

Person - every individual has a different genetic structure which when combines with the environmental conditions produce a different set of Ethics. Ethical structure depends upon certain qualities like integrity, optimism , readiness to take risk, altruism, courage to take responsibility and fairness tempered with compassion

CRBP - authoritarian in India
Ideals
Introvert vs extrovert
Level of poverty decides ethical decision making

Hate crimes
Stealing bread

Thinkers vs feelers
Intent
Motive
Character
Conscience
Action

Place - refers to the external environment which includes culture , government , institution, family, school and religion. Ethics are learner throughout our lives as we associate with others and specially in early years of childhood

Different society
WB - illegal nose blowing, spitting
Bombay - begging illegal
Abortion
Suicide
Corruption
Punctuality
Constitution
Media
Religion
Civil society
Law
Customs
Secularism

Govt is considered only with this worldly things
Relation between men and men

Type of state -

Time - different individuals societies and cultures have different set of moral codes or may behave differently at different times or indifferent situation

Imperialism - white men burden - Rudyard Kipling
Genocides
Apartheids
Sati. Child marriages, widows

How do they develop?

in handwritten notes

Behaviour - anything individual does which can be observed and measured in some way

How we actually act

Eg - going to temple by an atheist under family pressure'

Any response to stimulant

Why do we behave?

Pleasure drives our behaviour.

There are two kinds of pleasure physical pleasure and intellectual pleasure.
We value our intellectual pleasure over physical pleasure. e.g Collector evacuating disaster victims during floods.
A good trait would be to subordinate physical pleasure over mental pleasure. Hedonism driving force.
If a particular behaviour results in hedonism then we'll continue that behaviour.

Behaviour is a function of (emotions, belief) which themselves are function of heredity and environment
Drive X Direction = Behavioural Change
Type of intervention depends upon the situation and it can be at the level of belief, emotion and behaviour.

Dimensions of ethics - different facets /context /aspects /perspective

Meta ethics

Deals with the issues of universal truth, the sole reason in ethical judgement and the meaning of ethical terms themselves
Metaphysical issues e.g. Plato - universality,
Psychological issues e.g. - Why be moral -Various answers to this question is to avoid punishment', to gain praise or to fit in the society to attain happiness or to live with dignity

Descriptive ethics

It involves empirical investigation of people's moral belief. It's studies the history and evolution of ethics and gives a record of certain customs or convention prevalent in different cultures.

Normative ethics - is a search for an ideal litmus test of proper behaviour and thus try to prescribe various norms which should be followed by people to remain ethical.

Confucius - Golden Principle - do to others what you want to be done to you

Applied Ethics

To integrate ethical theory with real life situation.
Two features are necessary for an issue to be considered as applied ethical issue

It must be controversial in the sense that there are significant group of people both for and against the issue

Eg - LGBT, Euthanasia

It must be a distinctly moral issue

Sexual morality

Monogamy vs polygamy
Extra marital affairs
Homosexual relation
Ashley Maddison - life is short, have an affair

Social morality - drug addiction, alcoholism, gun control, juvenile justice, good Samaritan law
Media ethics

Media ethics is the subdivision of applied ethics dealing with the specific ethical principles and standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and the internet.
Media integrity refers to the ability of a media outlet to serve the public interest and democratic process, making it resilient to institutional corruption within the media system
importance of press freedom

watchdog of democracy
crucial for protecting human rights
enabling voice of common man
raising awareness
paying attention to areas and countries undergoing conflict
preventing extremists approach nd attitude in the minds of government

ethical problem

cross media ownership
monopolistic practices
paid news- biased viewpoint and propagation of false propaganda
sensationalization of news
media trials
fake news
Use if deception

Norms and ethics to be followed

accuracy
honesty
fairness
representativeness
diversity
truthfulness
focus on real problem
understanding their responsibility
professionalism
respect for privacy
promotion of values

press freedom in India - attack on bloggers, restrict access to certain regions, indifference to threats and problems, no mechanism for protection of journalists
suggestion

promotion of community media
promotion of media watchdog groups
promotion of media writing about media

The Hindu - molesting case at Elphinstone road tragedy
Norway - compiling obituaries before death

Medical ethics

Medical ethics is a system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine
issues

low trust
shift from service orientation to commercialisation
professional misconduct
undermine reputation
unfair
promotes greed
information asymmetry
Double effect
On the clinical level, conflict between medical practitioners and their patients is becoming more and more common today. At least partly, this is due to failure to recognize each other as individuals and human beings, each with their own rights.

Guiding principles -

Human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms are to be fully respected.
The interests and welfare of the individual should have priority over the sole interest of science or society
patient first
fair charges
value of care and trust
transparency
confidentiality
professionalism and beneficence
sympathy

UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, adopted on 19 October 2005

Election ethics

issue

unethical means
procedural breach
focus on power
promotes distrust
cynicism in public
dominating attitude
thwarting democratic principles

guiding principles

transparency
internal democracy
public service sprit
respect diversity
honesty and integrity
commitment to work
emphasising right means

Business ethics

Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. favours that ends are more important than means, no limit to profits causes problem science of management - maximisation of profit,
Ethics of business - talks bat importance of means to achieve ends, focus on philosophy of management - optimal use of resources

Military ethics

Military ethics are concerned with questions regarding the application of force and the ethos of the soldier and are often understood as applied professional ethics.
what, if any, should be the laws of war
Justification for force
Who can be targeted and when
How to handle pow

Political ethics

Political ethics (also known as political morality or public ethics) is the practice of making moral judgements about political action and political agents
Concerns two areas

Ethics of policy
Ethics of process

Principles

Power should be limited by procedures
Accountability to common good
Result driven
Sustainability
Solidarity
Peace and security
equity

public sector ethics

Public sector ethics is a set of principles that guide public officials in their service to their constituents, including their decision-making on behalf of their constituents.

Environmental ethics

A discipline of philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contents
Individual change
global warming
ozone depletion
deforestation
urbanisation - flood situation in chennai, uttarakhand
growth vs development - niyamgiri issue
Gandhi’s relevance
Gaia hypothesis - earth is unique where we see life - we have moral reasons to care for environment
contemporary - Growth has three dimensions now - economic, social and environment
Should we clear forest
Environmental obligation
Use of gasoline powered vehicles

Computer Ethics is a part of practical philosophy which concerns with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct

The ethical questions that arise from software piracy are : is it immoral or wrong to copy software, music, or movies?
Thus ethical issues about storage of personal information are now becoming an ever increasing problem. With more storage of personal data for social networking arises the problem of selling that information for monetary gain.

Social Networking ethics

Usually refer more narrowly to the ethical impact of an evolving and loosely defined group of information technologies, most based on or inspired by the ‘Web 2.0’ software standards that emerged in the first decade of the 21st century.
Issues

Privacy
Ethics of Identity and Community on Social Networking Services
Friendship, Virtue and the Good Life on Social Networking Services
Democracy, Freedom and Social Networking Services in the Public Sphere e.g. - Facebook trending topic controversy

Cyber ethics - examine moral and ethical issues at the intersection of computer and communication technology

Net neutrality
Cyber security vs right to privacy
cyber attacks
cyber espionage
IPR issues
Privacy issues
Censorship
Freedom of information
Digital divide

Bioethics

Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine.
Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, and philosophy.
Importance - Dignity of human life, Humans are used as means, Animals too have right (article 21), law is lagging behind wrt issues of bioethics - ethics fill the vacuum, helps in decision making
sex change, body modification, surrogacy, clinical trial, GMO, exorcisms, cloning, sex determinations, Euthanasia, abortion, informed consented, animal rights - cosmetic products, designer baby, generic engineering
UNESCO principles

respect for dignity
beneficence
autonomy
informed consent
solidarity and cooperation
privacy and confidentiality
benefit sharing
protection of future generation

Professional ethics -

Profession is bounded by certain code or rules of conduct

Sports ethics -

Games doesn't have ethics involved but sports does
Lodha committee
Four values - fairness, integrity, respect. Responsibility

Feminist Ethics:

Feminists argue that traditional ethics are biased against women.
Men are regarded as ends while women are treated as means. Women are often referred as second sex because of their secondary status.
The discrimination and subordination of women have been justified on biological differences between men and women.
Feminists distinguish between 'sex' and 'gender'. 'Sex' refers to biological differences whereas 'gender' refers to differences that are imposed by social norms (cultural, religion, economic, political).
one is not born, but is made a woman
Kohlberg's theory of moral development argues that women value relationship rather than justice.
Female - Care and Attachment | Male - Abstraction and Detachment.

Care Ethics:

Care ethics emphasizes on empathy and sympathy. We have greater natural obligation to those with whom we are in closer relationships.

e.g Consider that your mother and a stranger are drowning and you have the time and capacity to save only one of them.

Although the situation is tragic but justice perspective would transcend personal considerations i.e. life of every individual is equally precious but care ethics recognise the overriding character of the obligation towards mother since mother has nurtured and cultivated us as a person.

Ethics in private and public relationship

Core value

Personal responsibility and accountability
Respect
Care and value of well being
Justice and fairness
Integrity
Collaboration

Private relation - one to one relations based on emotional bond and in most cases expression of individual personality is there.

A friend is a witness of your early life
Two characteristics

Highly informal - There is no book which prescribe the rules of relations
Independent of context - Relation remain same

Internal control is there on the ethical behaviour rather than external controls in the form of laws, rules and regulations.
Factors

Morality
Emotions
Personal interests

Eg ,- Ramayana provides the ideal of ethics in private relations

Importance of Ethics in private relations - Ethics shown in private relation often forms major part of individual ethics/morality /In any society, morality forms the basis of ethical behaviour in public relation

Corruption learnt from public
Stealing is tolerated
Respecting women

Public relations involve relations between individuals in public sphere where individuals perceive themselves as parts of a context and not as separate entities.

These relations are predictable and formal in nature.
Legal or social obligations are there.
Under such relations a person follows the ethical behaviour in the context of external rules and regulations.
Ethics shown during public relations are often influenced by the norms, values and behaviour prevailing in a particular society.

Relationship - Distinguishing between ethics in private and public relations is vague and ambiguous and difficult. Both of them cannot be divided into watertight compartment.

They consistently interact and effect each other
Ethics in private relations helps in humanising public relations and plays an important role in forming the moral system of a person
Conflict between personal and public ethics may lead to unrest, guilt, dissonance and confusion in the mind of concerned person
However too much congruence may else to stagnation of ideas and change

e.g. - corruption, chap panchayat
counter e.g. - honest with family and corrupt in office

Who is defining public ethics is also very important. Totalitarian, regimented, conservative states are there like Taliban regime in Afghanistan. A healthy, peaceful and progressive society will never be achieved.

Environment change fast but ethics doesn’t change, why?

a person’s set of behaviour might change over time but not the values
Values remain the same by and large. they don’t undergo basic transformation
values take time to establish while behaviour is determined by environment
eg - patriotism - you might join the army, you might save election, you might work towards communal harmony
eg - equality - you might donate to PMRF, you might write articles, you might fight the court cases
counter ex - Gautama Buddha (hedonism to altruism)

Human values

Preferred by individuals and humans as a standard of their behaviour. Eg - Dignity, respect, love , compassion, truth

eg - Anna hazare, mother Teresa, Dalai lama, nelson Mandela

Distinct feature of values

Values are comprehensive standards that direct conduct in a variety of ways
Values also provides standards of morality
Values are most central to the core of human personality
Values are above specific objects , situations or persons

Values guides us to take specific position on social issues

They are relative stable and enduring

Only a very intense incident in life can change the value structure of a person

Eg - Buddha
Eg - Ashoka after Kalinga war
Eg - unglimaar after meeting Buddha
Eg - Kalidas after marriage became

After his wife warned him

Eg - Yudhishthira became a realist after the war

Terminal and instrumental value

Terminal values are attached to the end

More important for politician

Instrumental values are means value

Not important for administration

Core and surface values

Truthfulness -. > Integrity

Source of values

Other people
Genetic do play a role - indirectly

Value development is a continuous cumulative and highly Interdependent process touching all the aspects of personality

Factors which can affect the value structure of an individual can be both natural as well as environmental
Many personal attributes such as intelligence, creativity and emotional smartness determines the development of values
However it is the environment which plays the most important role in developing the value structure of a person

Agencies of socialisation

A family is a social institution with a bond of common beliefs, religion, customs, culture, language, and a way of life. It carries on the heritage and traditions as legacy from the earlier generation to the next generation

CRP adopted by parents shape the personality of the child both consciously and subconsciously
It is from family that the children acquire self-knowledge, self-confidence , self-satisfaction, self-worth, capacity for self-sacrifice and realise themselves as human beings competent to show kindness , generosity, compassion, tolerance and service to society

Role of parents

inculcate values about - appropriate behaving, empathy, sympathy, differentiation between right and wrong
engineer social opportunities which in grain desired values and resist deviant tendencies

right school
books
friends
residential area

techniques

right conduct
activity based learning
pointing or nudging the child toward right practices and habits
participating with the child as a friend

Variables

children also spend time with outsides
influence of school
generation gap
means of communication

Role of school/Educational initiation

A good school is one which provide maximum opportunity to a child
An education is a systematic attempt towards human learning. The essence of good education is to develop a human personality in all its dimensions like intellectual, physical, social , ethical and moral.
NEP of 1986 - calls for education in India to become a forceful tool for the cultivation of social and moral values through continuous readjustment of curriculum
Eg - Japanese education system

Netherlands educational system

A university role is to develop leaders for a nation in all fields and from all communities
Peer group
Suggestions

Promote selflessness
Cultivate respect for property
Promote civic she's
Independent thinking
Knowledge of constitution
Exposure to great personalities
Protection of environment
Prayers of various religion

Imbibing value through curricular activities - can list subject wise

history - patriotism, sacrifice
civics - duty , respect for law
science - rationality, scientific temper
mathematics - logical reasoning

Imbibing values through co-curricular activities-

Sports
Civic values
Social values
Vocational values
Cultural values

geography
history
economic activity
social organisation

Individual may be atheist while his culture could be religious
Individual may support LGBT rights but may not be supported by cultural values

Disciplinary values

Role of teachers

Narrator of life skills
Liking based behaviour change

Social factors

Social factors apart from educational institution which contribute to the value system of an individual are religious, economic and political institutions in the society
If greed is the problem of capitalist society, then envy is the problem of socialist society
Economic - socialist vs capitalist
Political - leftist vs rightist
Religion - provides a rigid set of values
Civil society

Attitude

Tendency to act favourably or unfavourably towards objects, people, situation
Is a learned tendency to act, think and feel in particular ways towards a class of people, objects, place or an event.
It is a positive negative or neutral evaluation of stimuli present in your environment
Manifestation of our value system
Significance of positive attitude

Career success
Productivity
Leadership
Team work
Decision making
Motivation
Stress management
Interpersonal relations

Example - negative attitude - peoples attitude toward civil service

Think

They don't work

Feel

Bad treatment

They threw

e.g. - Pessimism - negative attitude towards life
Mahabharata - dharma is a attitude rather than a set of rules - ethical attitude
Attitude vs value

Temporary vs permanent
Specific vs general, universal
Likes or dislikes vs desirable or undesirable

Relation between CAB components

Components of cab model have synergistic relations. When an individual possess positive belief about an attitude object , it typically have positive, affective and behavioural association with the object but this is not true in all situations.
Cab components are different but they are not complete independent of each other
When ambiguity is there, attitude is weak
Blood donation

Belief
Emotion

Corruption - ambiguous

Structure of attitude

Includes how positive and negatives evaluation are organised within and among the cognitive, affective and behavioural component of attitude.
The structure often decides the extent to which an attitude in question can affect the behaviour of an individual
Eg - corruption - negative attitude

Functions of attitude

4 functions by Daniel Katz

Knowledge functions

Attitude helps us to understand otherwise an overwhelming amount of information in the world
They are shortcuts, helping us to simplify our perception of the world so that it becomes more predictable and manageable

Utility function

Attitude helps us to get rewards and avoid punishment
If a person holds socially acceptable attitude, other people will reward them with approval (recognition) and social acceptance.
Eg - social drinking
Eg - new IT officer

Ego defensive function

Can help us to raise our status
protect self
An ego defensive function refers to holding attitude that protect our self-esteem or that justify actions that makes us feel guilty
Helps to protect us from ourselves and from others to explain why we have done something that could be seen as undesirable

Value expression

Attitude helps us to relate to ourselves and to others, presenting a fairly unified image which helps to establish our Identity for both ourselves and others
Eg - mother Teresa

Different attitude object are likely to fulfil a particular function or many different functions for different people

How to change people’s attitude toward civil servants

Cognitive - service orientation
Affective - empathy
Behaviour - citizen charter

Valence of an attitude - positive or negative
Ambivalence - state of conflict that exist when people simultaneously posses positive and negative evaluations of an attitudinal object

Attitude formation

Very less distinction with attitude change. If people change their attitudes, they can be said to be forming new attitudes
Classical conditioning/Pavlov's conditioning

When two stimuli are repeatedly associated, persons learns to respond to them with a similar emotional reaction or attitude
Happens at subconscious level
Eg - pavlog's 🐕
Eg - positive attitude towards corruption

Direct instructions

Happens at subconscious level
Eg - childhood instructions

Instrumental conditioning/rewards and punishments/operand conditioning

Behaviour that are awarded will be strengthened
Eg - Sukanya Samruddhi yojana

Observational learning

Eg - bobo doll experiment - Albert bandura
Eg - children learns from family
Children observes things from society

Modelling

Role models are followed
Eg - advertisement celebrity

Social comparison

Compare our behaviour with others
Collective society in India

Attitude change

Attitudes can be changed if a person consistently receives the information that invalidates their existing belief structure.

In such situations these individuals are likely to correct their existing belief system and establish a more logical, cognitive structure.

It can't be changed overnight as it is the product of socialisation and consists of deep seated values and emotions. Eg - patriarchy

A sudden attempt to reverse the attitude may be met by resistance as a change in attitude leads to mental dissonance.
Example: Earth is round, the sex of a child is determined by men and not women.

Includes methods and tools which appeal to three components - CAB
Another method -Change the function of that positive attitude. Individual will feel frustrated

Eg - start hating smoker
Eg - lower the value of Mercedes
Eg - anti smoking campaign

Among three, emotive component should be first addressed

Produce fear
Reduce resistance to averse knowledge

Eg - odd even

Emotive ,- rose given
Cognitive -: less congestion , future if children, real time data
Behaviour - pledges

Eg - SBA

Emotive - dignity of women
Cognitive - tell them about diseases
Behaviour - naming and shaming

Quote - Don't fertilise the rocks. First make people less resistant in receiving and processing information and then expect change in their attitude
Attitude change

Asoka
Valmiki was a their before
Amrapali story
Gandhi after being thrown out of train
Unglimaal
Kalidas after being kicked by wife

Relation between attitude and behaviour

Cab model implies that the behavioural component will be highly correlative with cognitive and affective component
However studies as well as general observations have shown that the relationship between attitude and behaviour is rather complex
Two fundamental question which arise in relation between attitude and behaviour are

Do attitude influence behaviour?

Sometimes
It is generally agreed that attitude forms only one determinant of behaviour and this attitude do influence behaviour but not always
They represent predisposition to behave in particular ways but how we actually act in a particular situation will depend on immediate consequences of behaviour, how we think others will evaluate our actions and habitual way of behaving in worst kind of situation

When do attitude guides behaviour and what variables determine the degree to which attitude might influence behaviour?

Factors which influence whether an attitude influences behaviour

Qualities of a person - some kind of people display greater attitudes behaviour consistency

Courage
Emotional intelligence
Integrity

Type of society - collectivist vs individualistic society
Qualities of situation - norms or beliefs about how one should or is expected to behave in a given situation

Religious festival
Time pressure ,- higher consistency

Qualities of attitude

Strong and weak attitude

Strong attitude are formed via direct experience
2. Stronger the attitude the stronger is the attitude behaviour link and the attitudes formed with direct exposure with attitude object are generally more stronger than those formed as a result of indirect exposure. Eg - riot victim

Attitude accessibility

Attitude which are acted upon on regular basis are more accessible from memory
Such attitude show higher correlation with behaviour

1. Attitude Relevance: Greater the vested interest of the attitude holder in the attitude held the stronger is the possibility of `manifestation.

e g - army man and nationalism

3. Specific attitudes are much better predictor of behaviour than general attitude. Eg - compassion in general and for children

Convert attitude into action

Develop EI
Attitude literacy - identify your good and bad attitude in an honest way
Develop values of integrity and truthfulness
Listening to conscience
Stay motivated
Be more aware and try to understand things happening around you
Try to see change as an opportunity to grow

Attitude -> behaviour

Patriotism
Equality

Behaviour -> attitude

New Zealand team
Ramayana
Butcher
Going to temple
Patriotism
Religious symbols
Ragging
Smoking
Alcohol

Poor correlation between attitude - behaviour I ==>

Discrepancies

Visit to temple
Cheating
Towards health
Towards environment

Lapierre study - people were willing to serve Chinese but when explicitly asked via a letter they refused
Corey study

Good correlation

Ex - opinion polls have a higher success rate
Ex - caste
Can be both positive and negative

Different behaviour for same attitude
Conflicting attitude

Caste and corruption example

Between attitude and value, if we had a choice, what would be preferred to know to predict an individual behaviour?

attitude

eg - if two person value relationship with each other and they agree to go out for dinner. during dinner non veg food was presented which one of them don’t eat (reflects his attitude towards eating)

a person might value something but he may hold different attitude towards various action and behaviours to uphold that value

eg - a person might value peace, but i have anti Pakistan attitude. I might favour war with Pakistan then

Attribution

Tendency to establish cause effect relationship
Types

Fundamental attribution error

For example - if a person is overweight over first assumption might be that they have a problem with overeating or are lazy.
if someone drop their notes on the floor we assume that they are disorganised and clumsy
we perceive other's behaviour to be driven by internal causes

give sundae emphasis on internal causes

also called actor-observe bias

Just world hypothesis

Good thing happens to good people

Self-serving hypothesis

if a person is promoted than it is due to his ability and competence and if he doesn't get promotes it is because the manager does not like him/her

Cultural bias

individualist culture are more inclined to make fundamental attribution error and indulging in self-serving bias than collectivist culture

How to mitigate

We must know the motive behind action. Eg - boss could be angry because if various reasons

For example if one staff passes sexist remarks against a woman. As a senior it is our duty to ascertain first the cause for such behaviour. May be the subordinate may have come from such societal background where the freedom of woman is curtailed or it may be that he is deliberately hurting the feelings.

Is it deliberate / intentional or ignorance.

As a visitor to a hospital you find that the hospital is unclean. There could be two possibilities:

Laxity on hospital staff.
Patients and their relatives might be littering.

Importance

Lesser the misattribution more the rational decision - Recall of Non Cooperation Movement.
If attributional error occurs then there is always a wrong decision on the card.

We should objectively appraise the situation.

Social influence - an ability

Social influence occurs when emotions, opinions or behaviour of a person are affected by others in the society. It is a broad term that relates to many different phenomenon

Persuasion is a type of social influence
Eg - parents influence, election campaign

Different level of changes through social influence

Compliance is the act of responding favourably to an explicit or implicit request offered by others

Technically compliance is a change in behaviour but not necessarily attitude

Identification is a changing of attitude and behaviour due to influence of someone that is like

Eg - advertisement that relies on celebrity
Eg - dowry

Internalisation

Process of accepting a set of norms established by a set of people or groups which are influential to that person
People accept the influence because the content of influence is intrinsically rewarding
Value change takes place
Eg -

Types / technique of social influence

Conformity

Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behaviour or thinking to align with those of a grouping
Egn- Khap Panchayat
e.g. - Solomon Asch experiment - people were willing to conform with the group answer (longs line ) - because they anted to fit in the group and they believe the group is better informed than they are

Anti-conformity

May align with personal standards and is for the purpose of challenging the group

Self-fulfilling prophecy

It is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true , due to the positive feedback between belief and behaviour
Eg - women driving
Eg - Thomas Edison

Cult

It is a group of people who are organised around strong authority figure
Eg ,- business cult, Tupperware cult, religious cult, Nazi cult

Obedience

Is a form of social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure
Eg - parents
Milgram experiment - people were willing to let innocent person die in order to follow direction from authority - obedience to a authority is ingrained in us all from the way we ar brought up

Persuasion

Continuum of influence

Education — Advertising — propaganda — Indoctrination — Thought control

Influence technique in Administration

Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeal
personal appeal
Coalition technique
Pressure tactic
Legitimising tactic

Persuasion

Is a process aimed at changing a person's (or group)) attitude or behaviour toward some event, object, place or person. The process involves use of different methods of a verbal and non-verbal communication to convey information, feelings, and reasoning, to change attitude of concerned entity
sEg - Mann ki baat
Overtly manipulative is persuasive

Eg - Salman Khan thumbs up advertisement

Difference with manipulation

Truth
Mutual benefit
Use of force
Intention

Chanakya

Tell people what they want to here
Sam daam dand bhed

Factors which influence persuasion

Source

Credibility
Trustworthiness
Authority
Expertise
Power positions
Charisma
Physical appearance eg ,- Gandhi
Victim playing. Eg - Mukesh ad

Message

Nature
Eg - important things in first and last

Receiver

Language
Nature
Eg - provide conclusion to villagers while just options to urban audience
Eg - harm of Tap water - Bisleri

Who says what to whom will determine whether a successful persuasion will take place or not

Models or steps of persuasion - 6 step model

(Easy)
Exposure/presentation
Attention/awareness
Comprehension or understanding
Acceptance
Retention
Action
(Difficult)

Techniques of persuasion

Reciprocation

Give and take
All of us at taught that we should find some way to repay others what they do for us
Eg ,- return gifts at birthday parties

Commitment and consistency

Once people have made a choice or take a stand they are under both internal and external pressure to behave consistently
Political is trying to extract commitment
Oath as witness
Pledge takin ceremony
Sign a declaration for ragging

Social proof

We decide what is correct by noticing what other people think is correct
If everyone else is behaving in a certain way , most assume that it is the right thing to do
In advertisements

Liking

Two factor

Physical attractiveness
Similarity - middle class syndrome

Eg - manojntwari

Authority

Most of us are raised with a respect for authority both real and implied
Confused symbol of authority with real authority

Eg - increase in sale of saffron cloth
Placebo effect - successful treatment not due to efficacy of the drug but due to patient belief in it

Scarcity

Nearly everyone is vulnerable to some form of scarcity
Opportunities seems more valuable when they are less available
The possibility of losing something is a more powerful motivator than that of gaining something
Eg - limited seat

Few other method

Socratic effect - directing thoughts to attitudes and beliefs with logical implication for one another - e.g. - if your wife wants you to go for exercise she might mention about one of your friends who recently got an heart attack
by appeal - logic, evidence, rhetoric
by appeal to emotion - faith, propaganda, advertising, decusiton
aids to persuasion - body language, communication skills, sales technique, personality
deception
hypnosis
power - social or political

“The triumph of persuasion over force is the sign of civilised society”—Mark Skousen

Eg - jallikattu
Eg - inter caste marriage
Eg - beti bachao scheme
Eg - beef heating,

Hindrance

Generation
Gender
Language
IT skills
Semantic, psychological and physical barrier.

Make communication IDEA centric and not WORD centric.
Moral suasion- persuasive technique used in form of an appeal to morality in order to influence or change behaviour. e.g. - Give it up subsidy scheme , used by RBI to influence bank, appeal to community spits

impure moral suasion 0 use of threat

e.g. - president calls upon governor to use power of persuasion to contribute to success of flagship programmes and policies

Aptitude - potential ability

Natural or inherent capacity to acquire a certain skill or ability in the future though appropriate training - can be both mental and physical -

increases probability of success
leads to faster learning with less efforts of different skills required for that jobs
Aptos -fitted for inherent talent
knack

e.g. - Milkha singh, Viredner Sehwag
e.g.

Skill - past
Ability - present
Aptitude - future

Aptitude —> (Training) Ability —> (Practice) Skill

UPSC —> Academy —> District

ego+aptitude = arrogance
for admin acumen (aptitude is a narrow term)
Types

Mental, Verbal, numerical Form perception, Physical aptitude

Importance

Provides head start
less time, less effort in success
satisfaction will be there
greater motivation

Aptitude and intelligence

Intelligence is the capacity of the individual to think rationally and purposefully and lead effectively with his environment
Aptitude - Innate, specific
Intelligence - inherent/learnt, general

Interest - reflects the thing that you like to do regardless of skill.it is feeling or emotion that causes attention to focus on an object, event, process or person.
Aptitude realisation - required 3 things

correct identification of aptitude
resolve to achieve
socio cultural and economic surroundings

Aptitude for civil services

Civil servant must have 3 aptitudes

Intellectual aptitude.
Emotional aptitude.
Moral aptitude.

Capacity to adhere to foundation value of civil society

Ends values
Means values

e.g. - NCM Suspension - Gandhi
Govt supplying cheap energy

may not be effective administrator

needs ethics and integrity to become one
ethics helps in differentiating between right and wrong and follow the path of righteousness
integrity will ensure that this path is followed across time and space

2nd ARC recommended = adherence to high standards of probity, integrity and conduct. Impartiality and non-partisanship; objectivity; commitment to citizens and public good; empathy for vulnerable and weaker section of society

Aptitude vs attitude

Decides what you will do	Decides how ill you do
Mental, Physical	Mental
Innate	Learnt
ARJUNA, DURYODAHNA	Arjuna
Help person to develop skills to perform task	Determine how a person perform the task

Attitude + Aptitude = Altitude

Political attitude

A political attitude is an expression of favour or disfavour towards different political ideologies, politicians and political culture prevailing in a particular society
The single most important indicator of our political attitude is the political ideology we believe in
Spectrum

Radicals are people who find themselves extremely disconnected with the status quo

Consequently they wish an immediate and profound change in existing order, advocating something new and different for the society

Consequently less satisfied but still wishing to change the system are the liberals

All liberals share a belief in equality , intelligence and competence of

Moderates find little wrong with the existing society and their reluctance to change it is exceeded only a by the conservatives
Only the reactionaries reject current institution and modern values. They would see society retrace it's steps and adopt former political norms and policies

Types

Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Openness to experience

Factors affecting Political attitude

Historical - Freedom struggle
Political - multiparty system, nepotism
Social - Caste structure, Religion , Age, Family values
Economic - Rich poor divide
Geographical - North east
Personality trait

Nature of people
Attitude toward life
Tolerance level

Administrative

In another context factors are -

emotions (caste, class gender) - pol culture not developed,
values - belief in ideology
cognition - on the basis of performance of pol parties

Why youth are disinterested?

Ideological confusion in party
Lowering standards of public discourse
Ambivalent attitude towards political ideologies
Long gestation period chance
Dynasty politics
Nepotism and sycophancy
No importance to merit
Attitude towards politics had become negative

What can be done?

Internship programme with political parties
New courses in curriculum
soln - create awareness among people

Moral attitude -Goodness, severance, Honesty, Empathy,

Attitude toward general societal behaviour of right and wrong (morality)
Characteristics

Universalism - attitudes rooted in moral conviction are those that transcend the boundary of people and culture. They are perceived as terminal absolute rather than personal preference and are felt to apply across individuals and context
Objectivity - objective property or facts of the situation and facts about the world
Emotions - moral judgement are often accompanied by strong emotions
Motivation - moral conviction are also express as motivational values
may convey our concept of right and wrong to others
They have great power because they are more extreme, important and certain then other attitudes
high correlation between moral attitude and our behaviour
Those attitudes or values Help Integrate morals with behaviour

Non moral attitude

Toward ice cream

Faithfulness (trust ins relationship) - e.g. - citizen having faith in govt, sounder in producer, determines expectation, humans being g social animals , happiness lies in relationships
service orientation
Reverence a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe. Veneration,

Humbling of self

Veracity - accuracy
Awareness of responsibility
Goodness
Implications and repercussion of having moral attitude

Although moral attitude are likely to have pro social consequences they appear to have a dark side as well
They can also lead to rigidity in behaviour which may result into f

more distance and rivalry among people with different attitude
Poor level of cooperation and consensus
Disagreement over social norms
Acceptance of violence

Hence one must possess the quality to review and uprdsge one's moral conviction on continuous basis
Better reintegration of society

What is the attitude towards morality?

Ambivalent
Goals of people have changed
It slows down the process
People are more hedonistic
Dire consequences of morality
Lack of courage

Moral vs Political attitude

Bureaucratic attitude

- rule orientation, secrecy, importance of hierarchy, impersonal behaviour, value neutrality, status quoits by nature, centralisation of power, emphasis sons written communication
Dev bureaucrats can't be value neutral. they should have a democratic attitude - outcome orientation, transparency, participation, interpersonal relationship, value commitment, change orientation, decentralisation, simplification of rules

Aptitude and foundational values of civil servant

IDIOT -NEC - Integrity, Impartiality, Dedication, Objectivity, Tolerance - Non Partisanship, Empathy, Compassion
Historical context

India experience cs during British rule for the first time, britishers initially followed spoils system, CS expected to perform regulatory functions, concept of rule of law was introduced, required complete neutrality, didn't concerned themselves with outcomes

2 objective - exploitation and establish British rule
2 inst - army and CS
2 fun of CS - maintenance of law and order and generation of revenue
Most imp quality needed is value neutrality or rationality

colonial attitude- consider themselves as masters and treat citizens as servants
colonial bureaucracy - high level of secrecy, centralisation of power ,a absence of accountability, monopoly of state, absence of citizen participation, absence of GRM, concept of value neutrality
after independence India counted with same CS, but now they have additional responsibility - of welfare and development - top down approach - people out of the process - political master not able to understand it all - centralised bureaucracy model
Gandhi introduced committed bureaucracy model - politicisation of bureaucracy

This model failed - due to colonial attitude and new functions. 1990 crisis

New reforms - politic, economical and administrative (cc, social audit, egov, RBA) - structural and procedural reforms but no behavioural reforms , thus status quo was maintained and failed in bringing necessary change

competence - a cluster of abilities, knowledge, commitments and skills that enables a person to do a job effectively

Devise postgraduate diplomas for different sectors in public administration. Officers should be asked to complete a diploma in whatever sector they desire a posting in.

Apathy- Absense of emotion/ indifference (Anhedonis). It means complete absence of action.
sympathy -

Understanding of the difficulties and problems faced by others i.e. there is presence of emotions.
Understanding not as per the perspective of others but only as per own's perspective.
There is a response of pity and attempt to look down upon others who are in distress.

Empathy - Understanding the way the person in the question does.

The person has to have the warmth to demonstrate empathy
The person has to genuine in his feelings
e.g. - trump empathised with the anti-immigrant sentiment while Clinton couldn't

Compassion - Desire to mitigate the sufferings of others. Verbal + Action oriented service.

It involves empathy + action. It's the feeling of empathy for others. More involved than simple empathy.
It gives rise to active desire to alleviate the sufferings of others.
It is the basis for 'ahimsa' and is the key component in what manifests in social context as altruism. Involves both sensitivity and commitment to try to do something to reduce or prevent it.
It requires: (CARAC)

Being attentive to needs of others.
Willingness to exert self-control
Self-awareness
Being calm and composed
The use of reasoning

Components of compassion (McSEND)

Sensitivity: Being attentive enough to notice when others need help. Eg - during disasters
Empathy: Being able to step into the shoes of others and feel and see the things from their perspective. Eg - riots victims
Motivation: The desire and commitment to be caring, supportive and helpful to others. Eg - mother Teresa
Non judgmental approach: Not judging person's pain and distress but simply accepting and validating their experience.
Distress tolerance: The ability to bear difficult emotions within ourselves and in others.
Commitment:

Buddhism
meditation
visit slums
bharat darshan by ias probationers
Importance of empathy and compassion in civil services

Policy formulation and ground reality -
Understanding of problems and suffering become more enduring if we have empathy towards people in distress
Armchair bureaucracy - can't understand real pain and suffering of common man unless she puts himself in common man's place

Honesty - being trustworthy, loyal, fair and sincere.

Eg - civil servant giving advice to minister. minister depend on bureaucracy for advice - biased, meritorious and rational
SV Patel - expected his secretary to say No and not Yes , THEY ARE PAID TO SAY no
gives them courage of conviction
politicians look for short term benefits while formulating policies -can cause long term adverse impact
responsible for allocation of resources

integrity - Value of values

Quality of being honest and having strong moral principle
moral uprightness
Congruence of what you think and what you speak and what you do

consistency of thought, speech and action

to be honest and being consistent in actions, values, methods, measures, principles
A person with integrity does right things for right reasons. based on internally consistent framework or principles. empowers them to behave consistently to high standards.
The core principles of integrity are the virtues such as:

Compassion
Generosity
Dependability
Honesty
Kindness
Objectivity
Trust
Wisdom

Types of integrity

Intellectual integrity: It requires being willing to stand up for your best judgment of truth by willing to act in accordance with the judgment when the need arises. Persons with Intellectual integrity are willing to pursue the truth. They don't just go along with the popular opinion or what is fashionable at that point in time. It is characterised by openness and fairness. It requires one to overcome self deception and temptation offered by commercialism.

Being a men of intellectual integrity does not mean you’ll be adamant in Nature

Intellectual humility

Humble towards other ideas

Intellectual courage

It also means to honestly admit discrepancies and inconsistency in one's thought and action and speech.
If is not right, don't do it and if it is not true don't say it - Marcus Aurelius
Two characteristics

Non-negotiable and non selective

Personal: It consists of organising one's desires, commitments, values and actions in such a way that there is no conflict between them. It requires that the person subscribes to some consistent set of principles and commitments in the face of temptations and challenges and uphold these principles or commitments for what individuals take to be the right reasons.

Integrity does not mean dispassionate action but it implies indifference to victory or loss
Such person is not worried about the results. He is only concerned with walking on the right path
Source of person integrity - moral reasoning

Integrate your ideas with your actions
Right and wrong

Moral: It requires an unconditional and unwavering commitment to some or the other moral principles. We can't have moral integrity without having personal integrity. moral integrity is when an individual belief in their own moral ethics and have the conviction to stick by them even during times of adversity and misfortune
Professional Integrity

Every profession deals with integrity in its own context. A person in a profession shows his integrity by acting in agreement with relevant standard, norms and values of that profession
Professional integrity this defines the professional who consistently and willingly practices within the guidelines of a chosen profession under the obligation of code of ethics

Integrity in civil service

The preamble of our constitution mentions that the states and its functionaries will act with integrity and ethics because dishonest and unethical state can't promote any basic principles laid down in the preamble.
Article 14 specifically prohibits state from discriminating.
Article 38 makes it mandatory on public servants to behave ethically.
Public interest should be guide of cs in their official decision making and not by any financial or other considerations either in respect of the!sleeves, their families or their friends - 2nd arc

Utility of Integrity in Governance and Public Administration:

It ensures that admin and public functionaries don't misuse their official position by using information acquired in the course of their official duties to further their private gains.
Comply with law and uphold the administration of justice.
Keep accurate records and handle information as openly as possible within the legal framework and do not disclose official information without authority.
Always act in a way that is professional and deserves and retains the confidence of all those with whom we are dealing.
Fulfill their duties and obligations responsibly and make sure that public and other resources are used efficiently and appropriately.
Deal with public and their affairs fairly, efficiently promptly, sensitively and effectively to the best of their abilities.
Not accept gifts or receive any other benefits which might be seen to compromise your personal judgment.
Hegel as say that civil servant are expected to work for the people but more often than not they work against the pope , instead of acting as custodian of welfare of people they act as representative of the govt

2nd arc recco

A civil servant must fulfil his duties and obligations in a responsible manner
Always act in a professional manner and that deserves and retains the confidence of all those with whom he has dealings
Make sure that public money and other resources are used properly and efficiently
Handle information as openly as possible within the legal framework
Comply with the law and uphold the administration of justice

Reasons for decline in Integrity in Governance: FCNRS

The process of socialisation. Eg - attitude towards corruption
Amoral(unconcerned with rightness and wrongness of the decision) familyism and nepotism - blind obedience to familial obligation.
Commodification and relative deprivation.
Consumerism
Absence or non-visibility or role models.
Arbitrary reward and punishment.
Materialism
Habit of taking shortcuts
Hedonism
Absence of emotional intelligence

Dil maange more

Weak attitude about Integrity - ambivalence about Integrity

The people are confused about what Their principle are

India undergoing transition

People cherish certain traditional value system and cultural heritage but never integrate them in their behaviour. It is because of absence of integrity

Chalta hai attitude

Wrong examples in society

Suggestion

Integrity surveys must be conducted
Integrity certificate
Integrity columns in ACR
Integrity pacts

Augusta Westland deal was struck down

IMF integrity hotline

Especially designated

Conflict b/w personal honesty and professional integrity

Objectivity - Decisions based on observable phenomenon and not based on emotions or any preconceived notion

ability to judge fairly without any bias or external influence

advice on the basis of evidence and accurately present options and facts
decision based on merit

Bureaucracy claim to legitimacy is based on legal structure and behaviour - it is rational because means are expressly designed to achieve certain specific ends. It is legal because authority is exercised by system of rules and procedures which are same for everyone and open to a ll for a civil servant to be rational and legal. it is important that he should be objective in behaviour
It ensures that

Civil servants take decisions on the merit of the case and take account of expert and professional advice.
Provide information and advice including the advice to ministers on the basis of evidence and accurately present opinions and facts.
Must not ignore inconvenient facts when providing advice or making decisions.
Must ensure the implementation of the policies once the decisions are t

It can be inculcated via

critical thinking
right to be heard
right to review decision
information management
transparency

Certain issues - It is neither possible , nor desirable

only objective means no application of mind
clearical expectation
constitution is not an objective document
should always be seen as means value and not end value
it is a webarian value
More than objectivity, fairness is needed
inhuman at times
often faked by morons or pretenders
intelligent people will always have views and will be biased though informed and fair with different perspective
means values

needed - india is multi-ethnic and multi religious country, cs are custodian of constitution, should not be influenced by emotions, personal bias and prejudices , decision based off acts
civil servant must be fair if not objective = it is an instrument value and not an end in itself

ultimate end goal is to achieve equality - but in unequal circumstances fairness will always prevail over objectivity

Arousal: Being awake. action of being awake. Need in moderation - Moderate arousal is the key to success and not high arousal (leads to hasty and wrong decisions) or low arousal (no effort).
Optimism: you’re in civil service for reforms, you must be optimist about the outcomes.
Creativity: in a rapidly changing environment with new ICT technologies coming every day, you’ve to be creative to utilize them to make your administrative work faster, smoother and more efficient.
Responsiveness: for same reasons cited above, you’ve be responsive to whatever new opportunities and challenges arise every day.
Courage: to initiate reforms, to apply creative solutions, you need to be courageous.

Need - Implementing unpopular orders like temple entry of women or entry of women in Haji Dargah etc, To deal with criminal element, To deal with law and order situation, To respond to call of duty, giving bold suggestion to executive, to embrace adversity, vouching for national interest
Shah commission report - civil servant crawled when asked to band

Fortitude
Altruism
Spirit of service and sacrifice - e.g. - argument for higher salary
sense of mission - clear focus and direction is needed
Trustworthiness - someone in whom you can place your trust and rest assured it will not be betrayed - can prove their trustworthiness by fulfilling their assigned responsibility -
Temperance - control oneself form nudging into various desires
Prudence - ability to novena and discipline oneself by use of reason

Reasons is the capacity for cosniulsy making sense of things, applying logic and establishing and verifying facts
does not perform direct action but all virtues had to be regulated by it
in modern times synonymous with cautiousness - virtue with respect to unnecessary risks

Forgiveness - intent
Excellence - doing ordinary things extraordinarily well .

comes from conduce of economy, efficiency and effectiveness
does not mean perfection
means using your talent, abilities and skills in best possible way and excel in life
achieved via consistent effort and practice
not an act but habit
Different from perfection - perfection is the definitive one hundred percent right way of doing anything while excellence is an attempt to perform a task in best possible way . excellence is something which all humans can aspire while perfection is seldom achievable by mankind

e.g. - making is embodiment of perfection by nature while human beings have achieved excellence in robotics

how to develop excellence - having an aim in life, identification of values, practice meditation, develop new skills, challenging oneself
civil servant - taking ride in everything they do, investment in people, never backing away from a challenge, implement strong system and processes, proven superior value and satisfaction to the citizens

Equality - treating everyone the same
Equity - treating according to circumstances. allows different treatment of different people
gratitude - positive emotion - thankful appreciation for what an individual receives whether tangible or intangible - acknowledge the goodness of their lives

emotion when we receive something good which is undeserved
importance - regulate the initiation and maintenance of social relationship, develop social capital , create a sense of equality and calmness among people, productivity increases

encourages citizens to be more helpful and altruistic
indirectly leads to happiness vi social, emotional well being

Magnanimity - virtue of being great of mind and heart - refusal to be petty, a willingness to face danger and action for noble purposes - greatness of sole - crowing virtue as per Aristotle -

e.g. - generosity of victor to the defeated - Geneva convention - codifying magnanimity
e.g. - alexander towards ports
e.g. - security personnel in Kashmir facing stone throwers
importance in civil service - set good example, diplomatic relations, convert DPSP into reality, no feeling of guilt

Forbearance - showing patience of restrains form doing something -

importance- help in deliberation, enhance social capital, work in difficult and hostile situation,
e.g. - proper reasoning is required to deal with cheating menace
e.g. - dealing with insurgencies as IPS officer

Benevolence - means goodwill or disposition to do good with others - commitment to achieving the value derivable form life with other people in society by treating them s potential friends

optimism applied to other people and relationship
not same as altruism

Remorse
Beneficence - act of charity, mercy and kindness -

random act of kindness
utilitarian theorist see it as thoundiotn for causing greater benefit of all
importance - distribute justice, internal motivation and dedication, positive demonstration effect, good intra and intergovernmental relations , enhance social capital

Impartiality

- It is a principle of justice holding that Decision should be based on objective criteria rather than on the basis of bias or prejudice
Bias - favouring or preference or inclination towards someone
Partiality- bias leads to partiality. It is an action component of attitude
Prejudice - pre disposition - pre judgement - pre convinced notion - judgement without taking into consideration proper facts
Impartiality is to be seen in two context:

1. Public Impartiality: A public servant will serve as an instrument of government. Provide services without discriminating on the basis of caste, religion and gender. Give due regard to the diversity of the nation. Importance

Against favouritism
Acceptance of bureaucracy based on this principle
Ais - posting in state ensure public impartiality
To reduce the distance/complexity between citizen's and bureaucracy this principle....
Equal to be treated equally in equaknsxenairo

2.Political: Principle of working without reservation and with devotion for the success of every government

Holds that a civil servant will serve the government with the best of his ability no matter what his own political beliefs are .
He will act in a way which deserves and retain confidence of ministers
Restrictions on cs

He can't disclose the advice he has given to politicians, but on the other hand h must explain and implement minister’s policy with objectivity no matter what his personal views are.

Conflict with RTI rules - discloses file notings

He can't defend or criticise the minister's decision and view

Need to be maintained from both sides
Ministers want them to show biasness

Eg - in 2013 code of conduct for minister ( mha) was amended - minister shall uphold the political impartiality of the civil services and not ask the civil servant to sgyts hi in any way which would conflict with the duties and responsibilities of civil servant
2nd arc recommended the same

.Advantages

Provides professionalism and permanence as opposed to reluctance to change
It assures the public that their current aspirations will be faithfully served by the govt.
The elected ministers are assured of loyalty of the civil servants.
The officers themselves enjoy high morale since they believe they will be rewarded for their merit and not for their political considerations.
Credibility and Trustworthiness in the public vs government etc
Help civil servant maintain the cue
Treating people on first come and First serve basis
Control the menace of corruption and
Make life easier

Dev and welfare admin expect civil servant to be partial toward weaker section of society, objective of equality can't be achieved unless cs show compassion toward weaker section,

Non Partisanship

It implies that a civil servant will distance himself from any political activity. There might be changes in the political leadership but the civil servant would be unfailingly offering technical advice to the political masters keeping himself aloof from the politics of the day
It is more active in nature than impartiality
Relationship is based on politics administration dichotomy

Policy formulation vs policy implementation

Positive consequences

Help maintain good relations
Professional conduct
Public confidence
Continuity of policies
Morals of cs will be high

Often breached from political side
SC in 2013 directed state and cent government to set up civil servant board to manage transfer and promotions. Cs should not act on verbal order and should also ensure fixed tenure

Breach of political impartiality and non-partisanship

Caste lobbies are there in IAS
Riots took place
Bureaucratic instability
politicisation of bureaucracy
absence of public service values
Frequent Transfer
Use of disciplinary powers by ministers
Eg - up women police officer who got transferred
Resulted in factionalism, group rivalry, fatsens among minister and civil servant
Absence of mutual confidence is there
Loss of public confidence is there which may lead to chaos and Marcy in civil services r

Neutrality

Political impartiality is neutrality.
should be committed to ideas of conditions and not to pol party in power
part of permanent executive

Impartiality and non partisanship -

Non-partisanship is attitude. Impartiality is a behaviour.
Acting solely on the merits of the case and serving government of different political parties and the general public equally well and in the same spirit is impartiality while Partisanships is the act of supporting one of the parties, persons or causes
I is broader term and a positive concept while NP is a narrower term and negative concept
presence of neutral criteria v absence of any bias
I is easier to infuse into an activity while NP is challenging to apply in practice
I is principle of justice holding that decision should be and eon objective criteria while NP is lack of affiliation
e.g.

I - recruitment in got jobs, e tendering - METIORCRACY MAINTAINED
NP - political neutrality

proactive and dynamic - need to bring socio economic change, most of the time they’re reactive in nature, be able to anticipate the problem
Willingness to accept responsibility - otherwise policy paralysis , need to overcome sins e of fear

Epicurus - "overcoming sense of fear is the only way to ensure serenity of mind"

emotional intelligence
professionalism - discipline, harrow, willingness to learn,
commitment to public service - different jobs than private sector, their inefficiency impacts entire society - DC responsible for development of 3 million people in district
Tolerance - Objective and permissive attitude towards those whose race, religion opinions and practices differs from one’s own

Enduring the diversity present in environment
It symbolises assimilation or acceptance
It's the capacity for or the practice of recognising and respecting the beliefs and practices of others. The two common denominators of tolerance are:

Need for respectful and fair attitude towards others.
This attitude is directed towards those whose beliefs and opinions happen to be different from ours.

fostered by knowledge , openness , communication and freedom of thought
Tolerance therefore is having respect for the other person's right to express their beliefs while maintaining respect for person even if he happens to disagree with own beliefs.
True tolerance encourages on open debate.
Why it is important?

Cs has to deal with people from diverse backgrounds - diverse public interaction
Value of tolerance is inherent in the constitutional values of secularism and equality
Other values like objectivity, non-partisans depends on this value

Eg - riots happen due to intolerance views of cs

Nature of job in all India services - work in different environments
I may disagree with what you say , but I will defend to the death your right to speak so - Voltaire
Social capital
Tolerance upholds the human rights of dignified life and rule of law
It leads to harmony and peace in a pluralistic society in which diversity is there in many forms.

Intolerance

From Indian philosophy point of view , intolerance is developed from ego and vanity
Idea of liberty and freedom are antidote to intolerance
If we take larger views then any form of injustice inflicted upon others is a reflection of intolerance. It is antagonist towards free thinking and promotes violence and injustice
It is a reflection of narrow mindedness and is detrimental to social progress and value

Eg - Gandhi's fasting - tolerance towards physical pain
Eg - Nehru - tolerance toward diverse viewpoint
Democratic governance tolerate broad spectrum of behaviours and therefore inculcate in its citizens greater tolerance than the totalitarian regimes or governance which emphasize on maximum control

Selfless service - Nish Kama karma w/o accepting anything in return, derive satisfaction form the work and not outcomes
Courage of conviction -

strength of showing that one is firmly convinced of what one believes or says even when no one is watching
Needed act hey have to provide advice, role models for other in society. e.g. - Gandhi

Efficiency - Efficiency implies maximum possible utilisation of human , material and financial resources. In government organisations it also means that the public official has a regard for the higher goals of governance including public welfare and dedication to public service
4E - Efficiency, equity, effectiveness and economy

efficiency - maximise output
Economy - reduce input. Minimum use of resources
Effectiveness- improves outcomes. Achieving what is desired
equity - quality of outcomes

Contentment - Both physical and mental satisfaction
Leadership

Leadership is the exercise of high level conceptual skills and decisiveness
It is envisioning mission, developing strategy, inspiring people and changing culture

Dedication =Commitment + Passion/love

Is the quality of being able to give or apply one's time ,attention, resources, or self entirely to a particular axticity , cause or person
Involves integrating yourself with the idea of public good. Single minded relentless pursuit of public good is there. If a civil servant is dedicated, his sense of duty is integrated with a responsibility which is given to him. He will remain motivated even if the task given to him is non exciting and unwanted
Dedication leads to perseverance
Highest form of commitment
Is always informal while commitments could be formal - pledge and promise via agreement
Driven by sense of duty or ideals
Dedication is gained through both commitment and perseverance
Internal motivation is there
Doesn't need external rewards
Informal commitment
Importance in cs

Have to perform various function
Hostile conditions
Rising to developmental levels
Difficult job profile

In j&k
In Naxalites area

Corruption
Punishment posting

Take them as opportunity

Optimist mind-set is needed
Eg - Amit Kataria

He enjoys the journey and work itself motivates him

Eg – T N Seshan

Electoral reforms

Eg - Vinod Rai

Made reports readable

Eg - Baba Amte
Eg - mother Teresa
Eg - Ms Swami Nathan
Eg - Varghese Kurian
Vikram Sarabhai

Perseverance ,- steady persistence shown in achieving particular goal in spite of difficulties and discouragement
Non rich lifestyle

take pride
source of strength

knowledge of laws, rules, regulation
positive attitude of learning
periodic assessment of their work
flair for writing notes
reputation to decide on their own
moderation in public
careful dealing with media
low profile image as conducive to effective discharge of function
sympathies with subordinate staff
Professional competence - Professional competencies are the skills, knowledge and attributes that are specifically valued by the professional associations and bodies connected to your future profession.
Capacity to make a choice
Articulation
Sense of values

Strengthening of ethical and moral values

Ram rajya
Developing human resources

Both mental and physical

Attitude change toward ethical governance
Developing emotional intelligence
Building social capital
Sustainable development
Protecting human rights and political freedom
Democratizing and decentralising the government
Synergy between government
Introducing new accountability tools

Social audit

Political leadership
Strong ethical Management and management of ethics
Reforming police, Judiciary and legislature , Administration
Zero tolerance against corruption
Developing a comprehensive code of ethics
Committed bureaucracy

Maximalist approach in governance

Provide options to people to raise their voice and exit
Citizen's should also do their duty under constitution
Inculcating constitutionalism among civil servant and people so that both rights and duties are integrated
Office of government ethics - ethics commissioner has been constituted

1. US body

Values specific for lady officers for success

no matter what is said they do face certain difficulty in administrations
the answer is professional competence - that is good knowledge of laws rules and regulation
another thing they need to cultivate is impartiality
third thing to cultivate is objectivity

various attributes that a civils servant should have

team worker
initiator
leader
listener
effective with people

Emotions

A complex human state which involves three distinct component

Subjective experience
Physiological responses
Behaviour or expressive response

Culture is a factors
Fear is not real but a choice. It is cognitive experience

Process

Physiological arousal is same in all emotions

Application of negative emotion - lowers the morality

Lynching
Riots
Road rage
Fit of rage
Acid throwing
Domestic violence

Application of positive emotions

Philanthropy
Patriotism
Good Samaritan

Mood

Low intensity for long duration
Emotion is high intensity for long duration

Function of emotions

Motivation - to take decision or actions
Emotions helps us to survive, thrive and avoid danger
Emotions helps in decision making
Emotion allow other people to understand us and allow us to understand others
Make a person creative

Basic emptions

fear
disgust
anger
surprise
happiness
sadness
Anticipation
truth

Emotional Intelligence

Ei is the ability to sense, understand and effectively apply the power and acumen of emotions as a source of human energy, information, connection and influence

It is then way of recognising, understanding and choosing we think , feel and act . It shapes our interaction with others and our understanding with ourselves

IQ + EQ => General Intelligence
IQ X EQ X SQ = Well Being

SQ = Spiritual Quotient

There are scholars who consider EI to be consisting of 2 kinds of competencies - PS

Personal competence - to understand own feelings
Social competence - ability to understand what others are feeling

Different stages of EI

Perceiving emotions - ability to detect them
Understanding emotions - finding out the reason
Using emotions - to come up with solutions
Managing emotions - regulating emotions

person with good EQ is: (CRONAS)

High sense of agreeableness
High on openness
Conscientiousness - rule boundedness
Neuroticism - Low level of anxiety
Resilience - Tendency to bounce back
Socialisation

Difference i applicability of EI in west and India

Western approach deals largely with how we conduct ourselves with people around us in different settings. But Indian approach also has soteriological purpose, i.e. to achieve self-control for getting Moksha by performing our Dharma. It also teaches us to maintain equanimity of mind by detaching ourselves from the end results.
Indian employees usually prefer a more directive, task-oriented style of leadership, compared to the participative style advocated by western managers
In India, individuals see themselves as interdependent with their groups (collectivist culture),whereas in West, people are independent and give more importance to personal goals and personal needs (individualistic culture)

Utility of emotional intelligence

Conflict management
Improve performance
Work culture
EI as per Daniel Goleman , is the single bigger predictor of performance and strongest driver of leadership and personal excellence
Deals with personal health
Plays a important role in personal, social and professional life

Human relations need emotional intelligence

Utility of EI in administration (beside stheone above) -Relationships are the DNA of the governance

Civil service value

Ei needed to integrate them

Social capital

Eg of lack of social capital - riots, son of the soil
Duty to invest in social capital as civil servant
Ei is directly proportional to social capital

Eq vs iq

Ego clashes can be avoided

Weber's traditional bureaucracy

Biggest failure is to take into account emotions in his models

Leader vs managers

Both need in development society
Leadership is all about influence
You can't discard emotion

imp - bureaucracy failed to achieve the objectives of welfare maximisation they were good at regulating function but not t developmental and welfare function

Eg - bullying, ragging, drug use , inability to control oneself
Daniel Goleman’s four component of EI

Self-awareness - it includes emotional awareness and self confidence

Such people understand their emotions and don't let their feeling rule them
They are also willing to take an honest look at themselves
How to do -

1. introspection - an examination of one's own consciously thoughts and feelings

Internal observation or reflection

2. Meta cognition - thinking about process of thinking

1. Meta - beyond normal

3. Feedback and talking to people, having good mentors

4. Emotional literacy

5. Simulation training

6. Sensitivity training

- people don't understand their own emotions

Self-regulation

Involves

Self-control
Trustworthiness
Responsibility
Adoptability
Innovation - being open to new ideas

Use of humour
Laughter club
Meditation

Motivation

Components

Achievement drive is there
Constant Striving to improve to excel in life
Commitment
Initiative ,- making yourself ready to act on opportunity
Optimism
Ability to delay gratification

Clear defined goals and ideals - goal setting
Develop the value of integrity and dedication

Social awareness

Includes

Service orientation - anticipating and recognising what other people need.
Understanding opportunity through diverse people
Developing others - understanding the needs of people to progress and cultivating their abilities

How to do?

Meeting people from different culture
Enhancing you tolerance level
Challenging prejudice and stereotypes
Role playing
Listening to others instead of controlling , commanding, criticising of judging them

Relationship management - enhancing social skills

Includes and how to do?

Communication - sending clear message
Influence using persuasion
Leadership - inspiring and guiding groups and people
Conflict management -understanding disagreement and integration is required
Nurturing relationship through unconditional regards
Creating group synergies to achieve collective goals
Collaboration and cooperation -writinh

How to develop EQ?

Rapidly reduce stress

infinity when you're stressed
identify stress response
discover the stress busting technique working for your

Connect to your emotions - - awareness, how they influence,
Nonverbal communication -

eye contacts

Use humour and play to deal with challenges

take hardship in strode
relax
creativity

Resolve conflict positively

forgive
end conflict that can't be resolved
stay focused on present,
choose your argument

Various institutions involved in Development of Emotional Intelligence are:

Family -
Schools -
Media -
Religious institutions.
Place of work

other techniques

become emotional literate
distinguish between thoughts and dealing
take responsibility of your feeling
use your feeling to help make decision
use feeling to set and achieve goals
validate her people feelings
avoid epos who invalidate you

How to Improve EQ? (different from develop in notes)

Belief restructuring.
Re education
Re socialisation
Emotional regulation

Philosophical basis

weber's ideas - efficiency and effectiveness are harmed if humane motions influence the rational cations of public administrators

emotions are not intelligent
administration is about control - limiting discretion - preventing arbitrariness and tyranny
administration without people is excellent administration
under the guidance of emotions , PA can't be intelligent
at the time it was proposed- necessary due to nepotism prevailing
emotions and bureaucracy - make it inefficient, sign of weakness, distract us, interfered with good judgement, obstruct reasoning, arbitrary, weaken neutrality
man as machine viewpoint

Modern neuroscience on emotion - make us effective, sign of strength, essential tog good judgement, enhance reasoning, build trust and connection, spark creativity
Daniel Goleman - EI is predicare of performance of an individual

Ethical concerns and dilemma in government and private institution

Ethical dilemmas are situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in morally satisfactory manner.
Is a situation where 3 things are there

Significant value conflict

Justice vs mercy
Truth vs loyalty
R2p vs panchsheel

Alternative which can be equally justified
Significant repercussions on people involved

Types

Personal cost
right vs right
Do ends justify means? - Would you kill 1 person in order to save 3? Would allow 1 person to die in order to save 2?
Incomplete information - would you help a person to steal something which can do some good?
choose between two goods- truth vs happiness, safety or privacy

Ethical concerns in public Organisation

Legality
Rationality
Responsibility
Accountability
Work commitments
Excellence

Perfection is a moving Goa!

No limit to it

Fusion of Organisational goal, individual goal
Responsiveness

Call back attitude need to be there

Utilitarianism
Compassion
National interest
Transparency
Uniform and consistent treatment should be there

Ethical concern in private organisations

Issue

Insider training
Faking data
Giving bribe and taking bribe
Tax evasion
How to balance expense control with the health and security interests of workers.
adherence to human rights standard
corporate social responsibility
balance the privacy and freedom of workers
transparency

Aim- to do good business
current situation

people have become more knowledgeable, customer concern has become gradually focused on the ethical, environmental, and labour standards of companies
ethical violations
reputation has now become more important which not only commands the economic victory of a company

Suggestion

Ethical relativism - morality is relative to norms of one's culture

earlier it was important
Dharma changes according to situation - Gita

Ethical universalism - some this applies universally

Gaining more ground because of globalisation - Global village

Workplace policy

Ethical concerns in NGOs

No external control
Funding for ethical behaviour
They teach ethical behaviour to others
Working for vested interest

Organisational

Structure - system in place
Process - POSDCORB
Behaviour - work culture in organisations and how it is interacting with people

Ethical dilemmas in governance

• Policy dilemmas - the dilemma of the public official is the clash between his view of the public interest and requirement of law.
personal values and professional ethics versus governmental directive;
blurred or competing accountabilities;
short term vs long term concerns
achieving the ends vs the means that should be adopted to achieve those ends
duty vs conscience

Resolving ethical dilemmas - Approaches

Leader approach

Gandhi Talisman
Bhagat Singh

Realist

Nehru approach
Bose approach

Utilitarian -greatest balance of benefit over harm

Most scientific and most used in government
Approach

Identify all option
Identify positives and negatives of every option
Take that decision which leads to maximum good

Eg - demonetisation, GST, AFSPA, developmental project
Eg - kudankulam project, land acquisition issues
Philosophy basis - A lie is permissible when it is for greater good - Krishna to Yudhishthira
Jeremy Bentham and JS mill
Negative

It is often difficult if not impossible to measure and compare the values of certain benefit and costs
Nobody can predict what happen in future (consequences of action taken in present )
Doesn’t take into account consideration of justice

Eg - British Raj - white men’s burden
Eg - apartheid

It is end based approach (teleological/consequential)

Doesn't take means into account
Eg - victory at all cost - current management approach
Eg - bombing by allied force on axis power killed more civilians
CS should take into account means too

Rights approach

Justified claims on others
Based on certain standards acceptable to all
Rights on one person shouldn't get into conflict of right of other people. Your right must be compatible to other people
Why rights?

Ability to take decision -> gives dignity > rights

What rights are involved and if they are breached?
Use

Dignity of person is violator

Negative

Absolute right to people can lead to grave cost to people
Rights themselves conflict with each other

Eg - surrogacy/
Eg - right to property vs right to equality

Justice approach

Justice - giving people what they deserve, giving people what is due to them ,- Aristotle, Plato, Socrates
Principles of justice

Equal treatment in equal circumstances

Equal distribution and sharing of benefits and burdens

Certain criteria is used ,,- fairness is a mean thought which justice is achieved
Justice is universal but fairness is subjective

Eg - progressive tax, cbdr,
Eg - Balochistan, naxal area
3 notions based on justice

Social stability
Interdependence
Equal human dignity

Eg - Yudhishthira defined good deed as actively helping those in need and passively not harming others and being fair and just in one's judgements
Negatives

Utopia and not practical
Criteria for making a just decision can be different people

Eg - Amartya Sen book -an idea of justice

Take three kids and a flute. Anne says the flute should be given to her because she is the only one who knows how to play it. Bob says the flute should be handed to him as he is so poor he has no toys to play with. Carla says the flute is hers because it is the fruit of her own labour.

All claims are just
B should get it as per Amartya Sen

Common good approach

Eg - an affordable healthcare system, just law and order institution, clean environment,
Certain conditions which everyone can enjoy
All of us should make some modest sacrifices to sustain common good
What impact my decision can have on common good?
Negatives

Prioritisation of common good
Free riders

Demonstration impact

Virtue approach

Virtue vs ideals
Virtues are edifices that enables us to achieved ideals
What kind of person should I be? Or what kind of person I'll become if I take a particular decision?
It is an individual based approach which is based on goals and character rather than consequences and rules
Eg - Gandhi
Use

Virtue and vices

Negatives

Individual based approach
Your virtue are defined by others

Resolving ethical dilemma - Standards

Primary source

Common sense
Best justification
Think like a Bureaucrat

Eg - whistleblowing vs standard approach

Constitution - follow it

Secondary source

Law - can't be primary source

As a civil servant have to follow in case study
Never break it in a case study

Religion - can't be primary source of guidance. Use as secondary sources

Can use Buddhism and Jainism

Social norms - can't be
Science - can't be because human emotions are involved
Feeling - can't

Tax evasion gives happiness
Stoning animal ok no road

Leaders, Reformers, administrator

Leadership - is a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in accomplishment of a common task

It is an art rather than a science
It is a set of innate traits refined and perfected over time with education, training and experience

Attributes of leaders

Integrity
Charisma
Vision
Dynamic in nature
Foresight
Decisive
Great communication skills
Intelligent - intellectual as well as emotional

How can person become a good leader?

By having emotional intelligence -
Socrates - knowledge
Plato - harmonious being

Whether leaders are born or made?

Great man theory - people inherit certainty qualities and traits which makes them better suited for leadership.

All remarkable leaders have Great history behind them
They were leaders from the onset of their journey

Behavioural theory - can be made via process of teaching, training, learning and observations
Nature and nurture play a role

What kind of leadership required today? - transformational leadership

Is a type of leadership where the leader works with the employee to

Identify the needed change
Creating a vision to inspire
Executing the change in tandem with committee members of the group

It also serves the enhance the motivation, morals and job performance of followers through a variety of mechanism
4I

Idealised influence - walk the talk

Gandhi
Kalam

Inspirational motivation

Bose
Bhagat Singh

Individualised consideration - everyone is considered human being, treat people with empathy, compassion

Kalam influence on driver

Intellectual stimulation - understanding the need of people to grow , giving credit to team

Vivekananda

Engagement in a group results in leaders and followers raising one another to increased level of motivation and morality
Both in leaders and followers

An outstanding public servant is a leader who listen to whole message, also the speakers to feel fully valued and deeply respected, is able to sustain concentration, listen tone's own thoughts and emotions as he or she speaks
Excellent management is not leadership. leadership is not about control -major contributor of social capital - raised the level of human conduct and ethical striation of north leader and led -
e.g. - a civil servant at time shave to administer laws,, at time manage the budget and at other time lead the people and change
Manager

Leaders

Have employees

Win followers

React to change

Create change

Have ideas

Implement them

Communicate

Persuade

Direct groups

Create teams

Take credit

take responsibility

Are focused

Shared focus

Gandhi

Father of India - Nurture
Gandhism
Practising secularists

I am Hindu, a Musalman, a Sikh and a Christian

Inspirational
Internationalism
Economic views
Sarvodaya
Oceanic circle
Swaraj
Nonviolence - based on indie love for all beings
Secularism
Untouchability
Seven deadly Sian
Women
Education
Truth - sovereign principle
Means end relationship - satyagraha

Ambedkar

Egalitarian
Dignity
Self-respect
Socio economic justice

Social democracy means a way of life which recognizes equality, liberty and fraternity as an integral part.

Ideal society - liberty, equality and fraternity
Radical thinker
Practical in approach
Against capitalism
Against organised religion
constitution maker -

Largest constitution
ensure that thousands of years of injustice is ended
provision of reservation were made

nation builder

cautioned fellow legislators against the us elf non constitutional means of protest
worried about limitless powers provided to person

original thinker

different perspective of Indian society

Tagore

Humanism
Fellowship and cooperation
Society more important than religion
Proponent of education
Spiritual conception of freedom
Love and justice are the soul characters of historical longevity
Moral approach to Otis
Criticism of nationalism

Pope Francis

Compassion - Refugees
Golden rule
Immense faith in dialogue and truth - Cuba US Thaw
Emphasis on ensuring justice to victims of paedophile
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

Deen dayal upadhyaya

Antyodaya - Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya’s concept of serving the last man in the queue
Integral humanism - puts an human being at the centre stage
indigenous economic model
opposed to both western capitalism and Marxist socialism
welcomes westerns science
seeks a middle ground between socialism and capitalism

Radhakrishnan

Techer, Ambassador, President

Swami Vivekananda

Code of ethics - motto of ethics is not self but non self. must put himself last i.e. must show his attention for the interest of others

not I but thou

Messenger of Indian wisdom to the western world
Gave importance to spiritual upliftment
Education
universal brotherhood
appeal to youth
Ethics is reflection of cultural health of the society
Nationalism
Emancipation of women
Philosophy of education - self-realisation and character building

physical education - strong mind is possible only with strong boy
medium of education - through other tongue
moral and religious education - vital part of curriculum
education for all
synthesis of eastern and western beliefs
self-education
women education

Sardar patel

intolerant of corruption and nepotism
A realists
Secularism
Non violence

Bhagat Singh

Non believer
Commitment to rationalism
Socialism
Patriotism
No blind following

Nehru

If Nehru had been a different kind of man, India would have become a different country - Geoff Tyson (his biographer)
Use to sit in parliament for debate
Architect of modern India
Consensus
Seeking to unite a divided India, Nehru articulated an ideology that rest on 4 main pillars - Guha

Democracy
Secularism
Socialism
Non Alignment

Left behind a legacy that is a sheet anchor for the Indian people today who are drowned in the seas of despair.
Value

Democracy
Institution builder
non alignment
Consensus building
Secularism
Self determination

Weakness

Did not emphasise on mobilisation of people
he failed to create any institution or structures or agents though which the people or even the lower level address of his own party could be mobilized
he created no social instruments and this led to a general weakness in execution of his policies and ideas.
poor judge of people
lacked the capacity for strategic thinking
ad hoc political and administrative measures

Nanak

Emphasized the importance of the worship of one God. He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation.
His idea of liberation was not that of a state of inert bliss but rather the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
Underline the importance of right belief and worship, honest living, and helping others.
Thus, Guru Nanak’s idea of equality had social and political implications.

Kabir

Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions. His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam, the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.

Ram Mohan Roy
Swami Dayanand
Sen

Social justice can be advanced by focusing on people's well-being that should be evaluated on the basis of their capability to achieve valuable functioning

Functioning - refers to no of doings that personality manages to achieve in life
Capabilities refer to extent of freedom that a person has in order to achieve those functioning

John Rawls

Theory of justice

Civil and political rights should be given absolute priority
To keep social inequality in manage ke proportion special attention should be paid to the need to the worst off in the society

Based on the assumption that a liberal society exist with citizens having more or less equal capacitors

mother Teresa - canonised by Pope this year

a nurse and caregiver to the destitute and dying in the teeming streets of Calcutta
Messiah of the poor and a pillar of support for the weak and suffering. Her simple manners touched the hearts of millions of people of all faiths.
a humanitarian icon.
In an era when beggar has become a symbol of nothing she embraced them
accepted the Nobel prize “in the name of the hungry, naked, homeless, blind, lepers and all those who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society”
always thought for poor - cancelled the celebratory banquet for 135 people and had the $7000 it would have cost sent to her mission in Calcutta
Her life exemplified the stated credo of : “Dedication to the poorest of the poor”.
Missionaries of Charity, Mother Teresa’s order, has nearly 6,000 members and runs orphanages, hospices, homes for pregnant women and the mentally ill and other services in 139 countries.
Many accused her of making spiritual capital of poverty and peoples’ miseries
She was looking after people whom nobody cared for

It’s a response that should disturb our collective conscience and raise questions about matters that the state — and society at large — seem to have ignored. - a men was forced to carry his dead wife on shoulder for more than 12 km because he had no money to pay for ambulance.

Justice JS Verma

Judicial warrior with a ‘lion heart’.
Embodiment of integrity.

Vinod Rai
TN shehsan
Narendar Kumar - IPS officer ied fighting with mining Mafia
Rajni sekhri sibal ,- Haryana recruitment scam
Armstrong lame
Shiv deep waman Lande - IPS offcier
U sagayam - TN IAS officer
Aruna Sundararajan
Sanjukta Parashar
Sanjiv Chaturvedi

Moral thinkers and their contribution/theories

Philosophical - science or love of wisdom
Philosopher ,- who seeks knowledge and wisdom
Why we seek knowledge

For human development/For human progress

The philosophy of the school in one generation will be the philosophy of the government in next

To predict and control.

Men are a rational animal. He can't live in chaos of unexplained isolated event. Desire to establish cause effect relationship and reflect upon ultimate truth motivates him to question the world around him , which finally gives rise to knowledge and wisdom

Different branches

Natural philosophy - study physical world

Physics chemistry biology

Moral philosophy - study what is right and wrong

Meta ethics
Descriptive ethics
Normative ethics
Applied Ethics

Meta physical philosophy - study the abstract beyond this world

Cosmology
Religion
Epistemology - study of the knowledge

Physics vs philosophy

Circular relationship
Integration should happen for holistic theory
There is not linear relationship

Science

Positive - what is
Normative - what ought to be

Eg - ethics

Attribute of thinker

raise vital question, formulate them clearly and precisely
gather and asses relevant information
come to well-reasoned conclusion
think open mindedly within alternative system of though
communicate effectively

Confucius

Social and Political teaching
education central to achieving proper conduct
relevance

people should have compassion for one another - golden rule
leader must exercise self-discipline in order to remain humble and treat followers with compassion -

Western philosophy

When the Greeks began to trade by ship around 5 the century BC, their horizons expanded and exposure to New customs and traditions led them to question their own moral tradition

Pre Socratic philosopher

Physicist - called by Aristotle
Seven sages of Greece

Thales - first philosopher of Greece

The body is he House of God
Men know they self and you are knowing to know the god

Chilon

Do not desire the impossible

Pythogoras - use of number to explain world - in mathematical terms and relationships

Transmigration of the soul after death into a new body

Heraclitus

Weeping philosopher - pessimistic
By pair of contrary properties
Dual character of human body

1. Two things at same time - no entity can occupy a single state at a single time

Ocean water is suitable for fish but not for men

2. Two things of which human soul is made

Fire - noble
Water - ignoble

Protagoras

1st sophist
Use take money to teach nobles
Belief in moral relativism
There is no truth and there are only argument
Men is the measure of all things

Men is the centre of all things thus their interests are supreme
Now biocentrism is in Vogue

Critical

Socrates - wisdom only for those who can afford it

Ethical relativism ,- sophists school

Ps ,,- seven sages in India also

Socrates

Father of western philosophy
World of ideas and world of senses
Rationalist - gave importance to mind over our sensory experience

Concerned with human reason rather than religion
Ethics should be based on human reason

Virtues

Latin hero
Greek excellence
Sanskrit valour

Knowledge was first virtue

Everything starts with it
To gain knowledge -

Accept ignorance
Gain knowledge
Develop virtue
Wisdom
Happiness

Knowledge is knowing what to do in a certain situation

Moral intellectualism - no one knowingly does what is bad

Not always true. People knowingly do wrong things at lot of times

Happiness - Plato , Aristotle,

It played a vital role in ancient moral philosophy
Can be defined in two ways

Positive emotion which is pleasing and good. Feeling of satisfaction, joy and contentment
Interpreted as activity , a way , a tendency or a result rather than an emotion

For them happiness is carrying out certain activities and doing things in certain way

They link virtues with happiness
Virtues will lead to good life which will further lead to happiness

Socrates - human beings naturally desire happiness which is obtainable and teachable through human efforts

Happiness depends not on external goods but how we use these external goods
Happiness depends upon education of desire whereby the soul learns how to harmonize it's desire and redirecting them from physical pleasures to the love of knowledge and virtue

Yudhishthira on happiness when asked by YAksha - a person who cooks vegetables in his own house and who has no debt and who is not in exile is truly happy
Psychological perspective - when there is balance between personal, social and psychological life

Anhedonia - inability to experience pleasure from activity which are usually enjoyable

Middle path and moderation

A person should not become slave of worldly affairs

Three sayings

Wisdom begin in admitting your own ignorance
Self-knowledge is ultimate virtue
People can arrive at truth through questioning

Be an eccentric

Speaking truth to power is courage - Socrates
Administration

A government works best when it is ruled by men of virtue and integrity

Death by poison

Law abiding citizen and won't break the law

Bhagat Singh did similar

Courageous

Socratic method - use of knowledge to challenge the belief system
Ethical relativism

Plato

Student of Socrates
First systematic thinker , use to theorize

Knowledge for sake of knowledge

Socrates more practical
Ethical universalism
The republic
Four cardinal virtue

Prudence - practical wisdom, charioteer of other virtuous, right reason in action, plays a vital role in guiding and regulating all the other virtues
Justice -

Before Plato

Cephalus - speaking truth and paying debt
Polemarchus - giving someone what is proper for him. Doing good to friends and harm to enemy
Thrasymachus - justice is the interest of stronger

Plato

From individual context justice is human virtue that makes a person self-consistent and good
From social context justice is social consciousness that makes a society internally harmonious and good

Courage

Bravery based on justice
Removes obstacle that come in the way of justice

Temperance

Is a strength that protect against excesses and consist self-regulation and obedience to authority
Suggest harmony among conflicting elements

Unity of virtues

The person who possess one virtue possess them all
Come together and go together
Ex - terrorism
e.g. - politician who cheats on his wife can’t be trusted with public business
e.g. - person can't remain happy with social service he does by stealing money from others
prudence and courage - courage in pursuit of foolish policy can lead to catastrophe
courage and justice - youth joining terrorist organisation may have courage but no sense of wisdom and justice

True happiness and good society can be attained by living life based on cardinal virtues.

An ideal state can only be achieved through people who have these virtuesn

Three theological virtues - added by church

Faith
Hope
Charity

Contemporary virtues for civil servant

Fairness
Integrity
Responsibility
Respect

Governance

Republic represent an idea state ruled by Enlightened rulers
Model of harmonious functioning which means a just state can be represented by a healthy organism where all parts function for the benefit of the whole and the whole benefits the part.
The survival of the whole depends on each one performing their functions properly.
Justice is sticking to one's role and not interfere with other
Just state

Team work
Equality - treating everyone same
Headship - presence of leader to co-ordinate and supervise

Current state - judicial overreach, civil service activism , no justice only chaos

Aristotle

Moral relativism

As per him there are no known absolute moral standards and any ethical theory must be firmly grounded in the reality of human nature and daily life

Moral practical
Purpose of ethics is to find the ultimate purpose of human life

It's practical science since it is not concerned with knowledge for its own sake but rather for the purpose of application

Our function in life is to realise our full potential as rational beings. If we are not fully rational , we are falling short of our true nature
Summum bonum - the highest goal- Aristotle used this

Highest telos - end of Life
It is happiness -
Idea was given by Cicero -
Aristotle's - happiness can be achieved by rationality while Socrates said it can be achieved by knowledge. And Plato thought cardinal virtues can bring happiness

By questioning

Moral education

He considered ethics practical rather than the original style
It is aimed at doing good rather than knowing good
We learn moral virtues (4 cardinal virtues) primarily through habit and practice rather than reasoning and instructions
He defined virtues as predisposition or tendency to act in the right manner

Believed that behaviour influence attitude
Doctrine of mean

Virtues exist as means state between the vicious extreme of excess and deficiency
Foolhardiness - courage - cowardice
Shamelessness - modesty - shyness
Indulgence - self-control - repression of desire
Politicised bureaucracy - committed bureaucracy - neutral bureaucracy
Environment conservation - sustainable development - growth
Temperance as a virtue - tolerance helps us in this
Middle path in Indian philosophy

Yudhishthira and bhisma pitahama - dharma of a political leader cannot be moral perfection. He has to take a middle path
Nirvana - Buddha - can only be achieved by middle path

Jainism criticised this - extreme path

Gita - all purushartha

Idea of justice

Mean between getting too much and getting too little
Political justice - power to be distributed among virtuous and not among all

Justice only exist where mutual relations are controlled by law and law is formed only among those who are liable for injustice

Individual justice - moral disposition which render men to do just things and wish for just
Distribute - fair distribution of benefits and burdens
Remedial justice - rectifying unfair gains or loss between people who trade,
Criminal justice - between citizen and state
Deterrent

Juvenile
Capital punishment
Sharia law

Retributive

Proportional justice
Mahabharata favour

They

importance - religious propagates blind faith , dev possible only when they are replaced with atonality,
CS can be efficient when they have practical wisdom, inefficiency can be explained by their ignorance about practical aspect of admin, intelligence not helpful unless put into practice

Epicureanism

Epicurus
Justice- social agreement :,neither to harm not be harmed
The point of living in society with laws and punishment is to prevent harm so that one is free to pursue happiness
Pleasure and plain are main determinations of justice - happineess in material pursuit, later defined in broader sense -s serenity of mind - absence of pain is happiness, real happiness when we overcome fear

CS should have fortitude and courage while performing actions in efficient and honest manner

Pleasuring soul more durable they pleasuring body
Live and let live

Stoicism

Senca
Marcus Aurelius
Rational mental state which can be reached via virtue
Emotions - result of our judgement of thinking that something good or bad is happening or going to happen. Therefore they are within our control - we should not repress or deny emotions but embrace correct positive emotions (emotional intelligence)
Nature - human being should live in harmony with nature

One should acknowledge he or she is a small part of larger organic whole and processes which are out of our control
We can change many things but some e cannot and we must accept this fact

Control - over internal judgement and emotion can only lead to happiness. If we try to control external things over which we have no control, we are bound to get frustrated
Human freedom and cosmic determinism

Medieval philosophy

God centrism
Theist - god is omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient
How can God who is supposed to be perfect allow evil to exist?

St Augustine - concept of free will

God created human being as rational creature
It means they can distinguish between good and bad .
God has given them complete freedom to choose and perform actions
If a person does something wrong , responsibility lies with the men and not god
Evil according to him is a deificency of god
Made contribution to just war theory - Krishna died a creature Ike death

St Thomas Aquinas

Virtue theist - ethical are first principle of action
Gave three principle of just war theory

War should be last option
War should be defence against aggression and an attempt to stop atrocity
Expected good must outweigh the cost of killing and destruction

2 types of law primary (universal, god given, natural) and secondary (man-made, change according to place, time) - primary law should be given preference in case of conflict e.g. -snowden case

Machiavelli

Real politik - politics or diplomacy based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than explicit ideological notions or moral and ethical premises
Ultimate goal of the pricne is to maintain state
It is better to be feared than loved if you cannot be both

For civil servant - fear because they have to maintain law and order
Eg - Rama sea love fear story
Eg - prohibition in Bihar
Eg ,- encroachment
Eg - swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Eg - mallaya case

Politics have no relations with morals

Use Gandhi and mehtru to counter

There is no avoiding war. It can only be postponed for the advantages of others
Hatred is gained as much by good work as by evil

Eg - Gandhi

Modern philosopher

Lawrence kohlberg -

6 stages of moral development

Rewards and punishment - at tender age, they illicit response - obedience and punishment orientation - do good in order to avoid being punished
reciprocity - there is no one right view .based on what is reward
good boy/nice girl - social conformity. Based on majority's
Rule obedience - doing your duty I'm society
Utilitarian - family life - social contract and individual rights
Kantian - Moral indolence - beliefs more important than law

The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behaviour, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor

Rene Descartes- constructed a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and instead admitting only deduction as a method

Reason is sufficient for the search of good that you should seek
Virtue consist in the correct reasoning that should guide our actions
Mind body Duality
I think therefore I am
Gave importance to mind
Wax argument - deduction is only reliable measure for reasoning
Civil servant - only with applying mind can do right conduct.

Thomas Hobbes

Social contract theory - based on psychological egoism or self interest

When human beings are created they are in a State of nature - anarchy - every person is allowed to do everything
This Hobbes argues would lead to a war of all against all
So in order to avoid it , people accede to a social contract and establish a civil society
Society is a population beneath a sovereign authority , to whom all individual in that society unconditionally cede some right for the sake of the protection of their remaining rights.
Any power exercised by this authority cannot be resisted because the protectors sovereign power derives from individual surrendering their own sovereign power for protection
The individual are thereby author of all decision made by the sovereign
No scope for civil obedience in Hobbes theory ,- they themselves have given power to state

talks abt diff in laws and ethics - objective of las is to maximise welfare, can be ethical or unethical, can be moral or immoral or amoral
in a society dominated by state - what is legal is also moral; ideally morality should define legality
Leviathan

A huge body or organisation
Mythical sea creature

Egoism is of three types

Psychological egoism - Hedonism - reduces pain and increase pleasures - satisfaction of our pleasure is highest.
Ethical egoism - Rational selfishness. - approve behaviour that benefits others. Often the best way to promote ones good is to form cooperative relationship
Altruistic egoism - utilitarianism - more benefit and less harm.

Rousseau

Personal freedom/liberty must be there
Critique of social contract
He was most concerned with Liberty
He criticised Hobbes as his theory takes away freedom of men from him
The government should be responsible to the people and must supply freedom and happiness
The happiest state of humanity is the middle ground between wildness and civility
Men is born free and he is everywhere in chains
Morality based on conscience - divine interior voice
Govnrmnt should act on general will of society and therefore it should secure everyone's natural rights which are given by god
He believed that emotions play important role in morality rather than rationality and empiricism

Durkheim

- talked abt religion and god, religion created by powerful people to continue their exploitation, positivist thinker - did not give much importance to values or ethics

John Locke

Rights approach
Tried to extend Hobbes theory

He added natural rights to social contract theory
If sovereign is protecting the right of individual, then civil disobedience is not allowed

Government should protect the rights of individual
All state authorities need people's legitimacy and consent to govern
Believer of empirical approach
Humans are not born with innate ideas. All knowledge derived from empiricism
Difference between right and desire

Right - justified claim accepted by others too
Desire - not
Rights thus should be decided by law and should be demonstrable by reason
Eg - right to privacy

Natural rights - Right to life, property, safety and happiness

Which are given by god and fundamental to every human being
Eg - right to vote is not a natural right because it is given by state

Voltaire

Democracy is too unpredictable and only an enlightened monarch can bring about the change
Deism - proposed that there is some kind of super natural power but it is not associated with any mainstream religion

Believed in this

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher
Deontological theory - gives importance to duty irrespective of the consequences
Knowledge - both sensory and reasoning experience are important

Sensory experience is the first stage which helps in gaining or obtaining data
Second stage includes understanding which helps in putting data in different concepts and categories
Thus both leads to new knowledge or revalidation of present knowledge

Idea about the world

Empirical world - world in which we live
Transcendental world - spiritual realm
Reasoning is restricted only to empirical world

Idea about God

Cant apply reasoning to prove or disapprove existence of God as it is matter of faith

Who are virtuous people?

People who follow moral law will be regarded as virtuous and God will reward them with happiness

Kant ethics

Why be moral? -

To perform one's duty
Not the consequences but the motives of the person determines whether the actions are right and wrong

Immorality leads to irrationality

Being moral is rational
When acting morally we act on rules that we ouaekdnas rational creature law down as suitable for all of us to act on within the coomonury of irrational being

Moral or legal obligation

Responsibility - sense of moral duty leads to responsibility
Accountability - sense of legal duty....

Eg- nishkama Karma

What are the standards of morality based on?

Categorical imperative - denote absolute unconditional requirement that must be obeyed in all circumstances and is justified as an end in itself
There Principle

Universal law- Act only on that principle which can be a universal law
Formula of end - Do not use any person including yourself as only means - human being should always be treated as end
Autonomy (An idea society Of rational a being following moral law)Act members of kingdom of end

Moral law arises from pure will which is self-determined and self-legislated

Inequality is the source of evil but also the source of good. It is about how we take it

Inequality gives you motivation to excel in life

Goodness is defined in terms of neither outcomes or means but in terms of intention which should be good - automatically right instrument and positive outcomes
Kant’s conclusion is that morality consists in doing the right thing for the right reason
All human beings have a certain dignity that commands our respect -> not because we own ourselves but because we are all rational beings which simply means we are beings which are capable of reason. we are autonomous of acting and choosing (autonomous)
moral worth of an action depends on the motive for which its done
You are free in Kant’s sense only if you live by your own reason. If someone brainwashes you into doing something, you are not free.
Likewise, if you buy expensive shoes only because you’ve had the desire implanted in you through advertising, then you are also not free.
Society is developed when humans re treated as ends and not means

Fedreic Nietzsche

Took autonomy Principle to extremism
The world should not be concerned with what ought to be but the central question should be what not ought to be ?
Don't value anything because values lead to desire
All ethical statements are false. They are mere interpretation - moral sceptic

Jeremy Bentham

Quantitative utilitarianism
Natural has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters i.e pleasure and pain
Calculus of pleasure - hedonistic pleasure

Hedon ,- pleasure
Intensity of pleasure
Duration of pleasure
Proximity of pleasure
Certianity of pleasure
Purity of pleasure - freedom from pain
Frutifulness of pleasure - capacity to give rise to other pleasure
Extent of pleasure - no of people affected
Any evaluation should be independent of the evaluator

Bentham doctrine of Hedonism become altruistic by the dimensions of extent and by four moral sanctions

Natural or physical sanction - fear of disease
Political sanction - fear of punishment by the state
Social sanction- social Boycott
Religious sanction - fear of divine wrath or justice of god

Due to these four external sanctions men sacrifices his extreme selfish pleasures and think about pleasures of others I.e General happiness

app - justify action of CS which may be illegal but are for goodness of overall society

John Stuart Mill

Qualitative utilitarianism - not only quantity but quality also important
Talked about two kinds of pleasure

Mental and physical
Divided pleasure as higher or lower pleasure
Maslow Need hierarchy model

What should be the test of quality?

Leaves it to the verdict of competent judges
Human being themselves should decide who have natural sense of dignity

Added fifth sanction - conscience
any action which ensue happiness not only for mankind but for all other living beings e.g. - environmental ethics, Hindu philosophy
concept of happiness is both quantitative and qualitative

Mary Wollstonecraft

Feminist
Critique of earlier philosopher that they were concerned only with public relations and not with private relations
Ethics of care is her focus and not ethics of justice

Caring and moral issues of private life and family responsibilities were traditionally regarded as trivial matter

Traditional ethics prizes masculine cultural traits like independence, autonomy, hierarchy, justice, war and death
Gives less weight to culturally Feminine traits like interdependence, sharing , emotions , trust, joy, peace and life

Sigmund Freud

Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego and super-ego

The id is the completely unconscious, impulsive, childlike portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and is the source of basic impulses and drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification
The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between the impractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions
The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation. (highest stage of development)

Freud compared the relationship between the ego and the id to that between a charioteer and his horses: the horses provide the energy and drive, while the charioteer provides direction

Contemporary western philosophy

Jean Paul sarte

Focus on individual and not on society
Existentialism

We exist or live?

Difference of choice and will

' Oscar Wilde ,- to live is the rarest thing in the world. Most people exist.

Men first of all just exist
After realising his existence, men starts willing and then become what he wills . Thus men is nothing but what he makes of himself
Men has the ability to make choices and through his choices he consistently renew his life
Men is totally responsible for what he is and what he becomes
Those who exist

Have no aim
Are pessimistic
Hesitate to take opportunity and chance to grow

Those who live

Make their choices and take responsibility
Optimistic in nature
Live for others
Emotional intelligence
Clear meaningful goals
Optimum utilisation of potential and life in general

John Rawls

Tried to solve the problem of distributive justice

Balance of efficiency and justice?

Two principle that should be part of social contract
Veil of ignorance

It is a method of determining the morality of political issues
As per Rawls , people or politicians should make decisions based on the assumption that they know nothing about the particular talents, abilities, taste, social class and position they will have in social order, once they become part of it
Such people behind veil of ignorance will make decisions asked on morality, since they don't know what their self-interest or class interest is
Rational individual will only choose to establish a society that would at least conform to the following principles

Principle of liberty - each person to have equal rights to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with similar liberty for others
Principle of difference - social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both

Reasonably expected to be in everyone's advantages

It is not egalitarian but makes benefit for some (those with greater talent, training) proportionate to their contribution towards benefiting the least disadvantaged function .even if unequal powers are given to some, then they should also get the responsibility to work for those who are getting less

Attached to positions and offices open to all

Criticism - Amartya Sen

There can't be universal Principle of justice
What's the meaning of equality if people are not equal
He's talking about capability - make people equal by providing basic amenities so that people will become equal

David Hume - desire rather than reason governed human behaviour.

Chomsky

Terrorism works. it doesn’t fall
One of the key things superpowers do is try to organize the world according to the interests of their establishment, using military and economic means.
Consistent part of the United States' foreign policy is based on stemming the "threat of a good example.

Amartya Sen

Human rights
Human capabilities
Economic values - Social justice
Welfare economics
Called conscience keeper of the profession of economics
compared to mother Teresa

Different philosophies

Libertarianism

right to liberty is fundamental right
We’re not available for any use.
taxation is theft

Moral relativism - position that moral or ethical propositions do not reflect objective and/or universal moral truths, but instead make claims relative to social, cultural, historical or personal circumstances.

Subjective - Morality lies in the eyes of beholder. It seems to suggest that there is nothing unethical

Moral objectivism position that moral truths exist independently from opinion. There are several versions of moral objectivism, of varying levels of strength. They area, from weakest to strongest: Moral universalism. Moral realism. - universal moral principles
Ethical universalism - Kant, Pluto -

Declaration of human rights
World is becoming global village
Eg - good governance

Ethical relativism - Socrates

Mahabharata - ethics or dharma is subtle and acts as per situation

Ethics as way of life rather than a set of rules

Eg - certain tribal society children kill their parents after certain age

Ethical nihilism -

Extreme moral relativism

Teleological ethics, theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved. - consequential ethics
Deontological:

Judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. Basic standards for an action’s being morally right are independent of the good or evil generated.
Action is valuable intrinsically. It has inherent value. Action is an end in itself.

Determinism:

Our behaviour is determined by certain forces both within the individual and outside the individual.
Environmental determinism - Rewards and punishment and salary.

Evolution of ethics in western society

Before IR - Societies not materialistic, more egalitarian, education based one religion, happiness found in human relationship , social pyramid - top level was selfless
After IR - emergence of materialistic society, lives more comfortable, means become irrelevant, acquiring moment become more important. immoral means were justified, capitalism became way of life, self-interest central objective of life, reversal of social pyramid (top - irrespective of means, middle - who gave importance to mean, lower - honest, ethical), top became a role model, recognition became a criteria of success, breakdown of joint family system, education more commercial, more tolerance outwards corruption, humans used as means to achieve ends,

Soln- regeneration of values, virtue ethics, role of family, education of women

Indian philosophy vs western philosophy

Way of life vs intellectual inquiry
Talks about all living creatures vs concern for men

What obligation for individual are extended to while of living creation
Love thy neighbour as thyself and every living being is thy neighbour

Soul and matter vs mind and body

Indian philosophy

Orthodox and heterodox
Feature

Integration of theory and practice

Concern with synthesis of theory and practiced
Aims at attaining a life of perfection in this world only
What is good? And how to become good?

Its Absolute and spiritual

Talks about one supreme power and divine and religious in nature

Indian ethics is humanistic. It seeks a balance between individual and social life . The goal of morality is the wellbeing of humanity
Indian thinkers preach nonviolence, love and compassion and good will for all living beings
All believe in the law of karma - every action has its reaction

12 principles
as you sow shall you reap - law of cause and effect
law of creation -life require our participation to happen
law of humility - accept something in order to change it
law of growth - we must change, people won't
law of responsibility - we mirror what surrounds us
law of connection - everything in universe is connected
law of change
law of giving and hospitality
law of here and now
law o patience and reward
law of significance and inspiration -
law of focus - can't think ion two things at same time

Hinduism = objective of human life is to attain salvation, - moksha means getting liberated from cycle of birth and death, self-realisation is end
advaita philosophy- non dualism, tatvasmi, world is a myth and no real, tried answering who am I? and what is my identity - aham Brahasmi

characteristic of self-realised person - overcame the myth of dualism, considers no different b/w souls
overcoming dualism - having empathy, universal love, selfless service, goodness

dualism means difference b/n humans and universe
Based on the idea of ‘Love thy neighbour and all beings are your neighbour"

Dharma

Dhara - that which is holding the world together
Rigveda - dharman - rituals
Atharvaveda - norms - a law or an established order
Manusmriti - which leads to preservation

Dharma protects it's protector

Nyay -'Property or disposition inherent in soul
Eg - for a teacher - dharma is teaching

Rta

Is the internal cosmic and moral order. It represent the basic truth, harmony or system of the universe which no one can violate
Those who follow path of rta, gods are benevolent and God are helpful to him
Life of reason leads to righteous behaviour that conforms the solidarity and sovereignties of cosmic and moral order
War
GM crops
Three parents baby
Environmental degradation

Rna

Debt
Men is made of thousands of men
In first aashram you pay Teachers debt
In second aasharma you pay ancestors debt
In third aashram you pay mankind's debt - vaanprastha
In last aashram you pay god's debt - sanyasa

Purushartha school (Righteousness, Prosperity, Pleasure, Liberation)

The goal or the ideals that every human beings ought to see
Art of living a good life
Dharma is highest virtue among the four
Dharma is given priority over others because all human pursuits have to be compatible with moral values and principles. Men is rational and spiritual being . He is not satisfied if the more satisfaction of biological need like hunger , sex and safety.
He has higher needs like psychokoficakegoism, moral and alksoiritual
Dharma helps qvhivee of the higher gains

Sadharna dharma

Include action which include the general virtue in thought word and feel, truthfulness, purity, knowledge. Veracity

Vishesh dharma

Varna's. The quality of knowledge, power, wealth and service are found respectively in four Varna's

Brahmins - intellectual, pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, priestly class -
Kshatriyas - warriors, rulers , administrator
Vaishyas - traders, farmers, merchant -to create wealth
Shudras - serve others - Carpenters, blacksmith, goldsmith,
Ati-shudra - untouchables , fifth Varna

Devotion to one's duty and renunciation of fruits of one's action to the highest spiritual authority is expected from all the members of the society.

The regular dedicated performance of one's own duty leads to the highest goal of life

Life is considered a spiritual journey in Hinduism toward the final goal of Moksh
Aashrams -

Manusmriti

Brahmacharya - Let the young men study Vedas in due order without breaking celibacy
Grahasta - After studying the Vedas let him dwell in household order
Vanaprasths ,- when householder sees wrinkle on face and whiteness in hair and son of his son, let him retire to the forest

Here he will arrive for the good of whole society and his own spiritual development

Sanyas - he will become free from all attachments and become wholly devoted to the supreme being

Artha

Economic and human development
That satisfies by logical, material and economic means of an individual
It must be earned and utilised in accordance with moral principles of dharma
Power and authority comes under artha only
Economic prosperity is required for other goals

Kama

Pleasures that one gets from satisfaction of desires
Important for self-preservation and race preservation
Emotional contentment can be acquired by kama
Must be done in accordance with Dharma

Moksh

Unification of atma and parmatma
Characterized by feeling of complete satisfaction of desire and bliss
Vidya - Moksh can't be attained whole being alive
Jeevan

Moksh can be attained in a finite physical body

Integrity of four supreme ends

All purushartha are intimately connected with one another
Dharma without Moksh - ritual
Artha without dharma - greed
Kaam without dharma - lust
Moksha without other virtue -

If dharma is so good, why people don't pursue it?

Delayed gratification is very difficult
Lack of awareness
People want self importance - vanity

Bane of dharma
Biggest obstacle

Egn-: between Arjuna and yodhisthara one choose Arjuna because of fame and achievements
Eg - vanity of karna

Bhagwat Gita

Song of the lord
Influenced freedom fighters

Tilak and Gandhi

Ideas inspired by Upanishads
Eg - children in java, Indonesia became more tolerant when they were exposed to Mahabharat. Benedict r Anderson. Cornell University
Goal in life - liberation is end of Life that is liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death. It is the merging of individual sou into the universal spirit.
Gita prescribe three paths for liberation

Path of knowledge (Socrates) - there is nothing as pure and purifying as knowledge. A wise men knowns to control the senses to attain liberation. Duties performed without attachment for achievement

Wise men experience unity of individual and universal soul
awareness/consciousness of the soul

Path of devotion (bhakti Marg)

Gita declares that he who worships God never perishes. A good devotion, kind and self-control and impartial person
The pleasure and paidors motneect balance of his mind
Sudh people do not have any ego or attachment towards worked objects

Path of action (karma )

No one can remain inactive for a single moment
Inertia that is inaction is death
Gita preaches Nishkama Karmyoga

Performing one's duty without any expectations for the rewards

The path of action is two fold

Performance of prescribe duties

Vishesh dharma (swadharma)

Performance of duties without any desire for reward

1. Feelings of an agent

2. Interest in the fruit of the actions

Our duties must be performed without selfish motive . We have to offer the fruits of our action to divine.
We have a right to performance of duty buy no rights to performance of action
Gita does no preach to renounce everything but to Renounce selfish desire and fruits of one's action
Criticisms

Rudolf hoess
Sattva is considered higher virtue than tamas

For all three paths yoga is necessary

Yoga - Yug - unite atma with Brahman
Kaam the ceaseless activity of time

All about ethical dilemmas
Three gunas - like DNA - all human have these qualities. They vary in degree of concentration and combination. Depending on their relative strength, they determine the nature of humans , their behaviour , attitude as well as attachment in life

Sattva - purity
Tamas - ignorance
Rajas - energy

Virtue discuss in Gita

Leadership
Nishkama Karmyoga
Love rather than attachment

Live from other perspective
Attachment is from our own perspective

Fearlessness

Control over senses

6 enemies of mind

Lust
Anger
Greed
Ego
Arrogance
Envy

Kant - envy is inherent in nature of men
Rawls - people will have less
Dronacharya used envy to create competition
Ambani brothers
Neighbours envy owners pride

Buddhism

Ultimate goal of Buddhist path is release from the rounds of phenomenon existence and its inherent suffering

Human action leads to rebirth. Good deeds are rewarded while bad deeds are punishments
4 noble truth

Suffering in the world
Desire is cause of suffering

Desire come in three forms - hate, greed and ignorance

There is stage where there is complete freedom from suffering and knowledge

Stage of unspeakable joy and happiness called nirvana

8 fold path to achieve nirvana

Right speech
Right action
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right mindfulness (ei)
Right concentration
Right views
Right thought

Extremism of Self-indulgence and self-torture are profit less

Buddhism is religion of self help

Men must work out his own salvation by his own efforts
No one can do for him what he must do for himself
This emphasis on self-effort , self-conquest and self-emancipation is fundamental in Buddha's teachings

Panchasilas - Moral virtues of Buddhism

Abstain from killing
Abstain from stealing
Abstain from sensual misconduct
Abstain from lie
Abstain from intoxicants

Difference with Gita

Knowledge vs three paths
Buddhism has negative view of world vs beauty of creator in Gita
Life in mediation to achieve knowledge vs Constant action
Buddhism never talk about metaphysical issues like god vs supreme power in Gita

Common with Gita

Desire as key source of human problems and sorrows

application- overcoming discrimination - treat everyone as equal and part of ourselves; empathy; detachment

in admin- selfless service, look neither for rewards nor recognition, see god in other person "manav seva madhav seva"

Jainism

Tirthankar -liberated soul
Jina - conqueror of senses
Equal status to all beings - no special place for humans
Ultimate liberation is final goal
Religion of self-help - similar to Buddhism
Three jewels represent the three fold path

Knowledge - about Jain philosophy
Faith - faith in Jain scriptures
Conduct - five abstains

Non violence - ahimsa parmo dharmo

Gandhi and MLK
Extreme form

Truthfulness - Satya
Non stealing - asteya
Non possession - apargriha
Chastity - brahmacharya

app - honesty and fortitude needed in work of cs, should not aqua wealth (aparigraha), should not steal asset of govt (asteya)

Difference between Jainism vs Buddhism

Extreme form vs middle path
Ancient creed existed before Mahavir whereas Buddhism started with Buddha
Extreme form of non-violence
Destroy evil effects of karma by rigorous penance and self-mortification and nonviolence vs destroy the vicious impulses that produce the karma

Islam

Submission to will of good
Musalman - honest person or a person with integrity
Jihad - strive for

Lower jihad
Higher jihad - against internal evils

Hadiths - written two centuries later based on myths and rumours

Charvaka ethics

Hedonism in extreme form
Only source of information is senses

Empirical approach

advocates materialism and hedonism
only this world exist
Out of 4 purushartha Kama is regarded as the end and artha is regarded as the means. Dharma and Moksha are altogether rejected. They say that death is itself is liberation. They propagate the ethics of eat, drink and be merry.
The aim of the life should be to minimise pain and maximise pleasure.

Recents in Beach

ETHICS

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